长江上游典型区域丰枯转换期水资源变化分析

针对长江上游金沙江下游区域近几年6月和10月出现的较剧烈的水资源丰枯转换现象,以2018年金沙江下游来水过程作为研究案例,考虑金沙江下游流域来水组成及水利工程建设情况,从区间流量分析及上游水库群调蓄影响分析两方面开展了研究工作。研究结果表明:金沙江下游流域丰枯转换主要影响因素为三堆子流量变化,三堆子至溪洛渡区间流量变化影响较小。在6月,上游水库群调蓄对金沙江下游流域丰枯转换影响较大,10月影响相对较小。相关研究成果可为溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库调度计划制订及实际调度工作提供参考。     

无尾河下游湿地重金属污染评价

以无尾河下游漫流区———向海地区沼泽湿地为研究对象,通过对沼泽垂直剖面的精细采样,将放射性核素精确计年与重金属污染评价相结合,进行高分辨率剖析。在对其典型剖面沉积物重金属元素进行Al归一化的基础上,应用上下层比较法、富集系数法和地累积指数法3种评价方法对沉积物重金属污染富集水平及污染时序进行分析比较。结果表明,沼泽湿地沉积物表层已明显富集了重金属元素,达一定污染水平,这显示近20a霍林河流域上、中游人类活动对下游湿地的扰动增强。     

关于《湿地公约》中"湿地"定义的汉译

湿地公约文本使用的英语是英国英语，其使用的词汇与美国英语有微妙的区别，湿地国际(中国)官方文本对《湿地公约》中湿地定义的汉译不确切。文章讨论了英国英语和美国英语中与湿地有关的几个词语在含义上的差别，重译并解剖了几个典型的湿地定义。     

盐碱土壤基质人工湿地对低浓度氮磷废水的净化效果

采用实验室模拟研究了以盐碱土壤为基质的不同湿地植物人工湿地系统以及对水中低质量浓度氮和磷的去除效率。实验表明，芦苇系统、香蒲系统、车钱草系统和无植物系统均对水中低质量浓度的N具有净化效果。3种植物系统相比，香蒲系统的净化效果较其他二者较佳，芦苇系统与车钱草的净化效果相当；同时实验也表明4种湿地系统对低质量浓度的P不具有净化效果，随着水力停留时间的增加，系统中的P质量浓度反而会有所增加。     

Clustering of aerosols in atmospheric turbulent flow

A mechanism of formation of small-scale inhomogeneities in spatial distributions of aerosols and droplets associated with clustering instability in the atmospheric turbulent flow is discussed. The particle clustering is a consequence of a spontaneous breakdown of their homogeneous space distribution due to the clustering instability, and is caused by a combined effect of the particle inertia and a finite correlation time of the turbulent velocity field. In this paper a theoretical approach proposed in Elperin et al. (2002) Phys Rev E 66:036302 is further developed and applied to investigate the mechanisms of formation of small-scale aerosol inhomogeneities in the atmospheric turbulent flow. The theory of the particle clustering instability is extended to the case when the particle Stokes time is larger than the Kolmogorov time scale, but is much smaller than the correlation time at the integral scale of turbulence. We determined the criterion of the clustering instability for the Stokes number larger than 1. We discussed applications of the analyzed effects to the dynamics of aerosols and droplets in the atmospheric turbulent flow.     

长江口湿地资源生物的可持续利用

长江口湿地是我国一块重要的滨海湿地,蕴含了丰富的自然资源,这些自然资源为当地乃至更广领域的经济发展都作出了重要的贡献。本文主要探讨该湿地生态系统中六种具有代表性资源生物的利用现状。这六种资源生物是中华绒螯蟹苗、日本鳗鲡苗、缢蛏、河蚬、芦苇和海三棱草。它们在维持河口生态系统的稳定性和连续性上具有其他许多生物所不可替代的作用。目前由于种种原因,这些资源的持续发展已受到了一定的威胁,造成它们资源现存量下降的主要原因是过度捕捞、受污严重及围垦滩涂等一些因素。如何正确利用和保护这些资源已是一项急待解决的问题,针对这些问题为可持续利用它们提出了一些相应的对策和建议。     

NONLINEAR MODELING AND PREDICTION OF A RIVER FLOW SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: Model estimation and prediction of a river flow system are investigated using nonlinear system identification techniques. We demonstrate how the dynamics of the system, rainfall, and river flow can be modeled using NARMAX (Nonlinear Autoregressive Moving Average with eXogenuous input) models. The parameters of the model are estimated using an orthogonal least squares algorithm with intelligent structure detection. The identification of the nonlinear model is described to represent the relationship between local rainfall and river flow at Enoree station (inputs) and river flow at Whitmire (output) for a river flow system in South Carolina.     

RUNOFF RESPONSE FROM TWO RECLAIMED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Detailed studies of the surface hydrology of reclaimed surface-mined watersheds for both rainfall and snowmelt events are non-existent for central Alberta yet this information is crucial for design of runoff conveyance and storage structures. A study was initiated in 1992 with principal objectives of quantifying surface runoff for both summer rainfall and spring snowmelt events and identifying the dominant flow processes occurring in two reclaimed watersheds. Snowmelt accounted for 86 and 100% of annual watershed runoff in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The highest instantaneous peak flow was recorded during a summer rainfall event with a return period of greater than 50 years. Infiltration-excess overland flow was identified as the dominant flow process occurring within the Sandy Subsoil Watershed, whereas saturation overland flow was the principal runoff process occurring within the West Watershed.     

ESTIMATING THE Q100 IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: A PRACTICAL PROBLEM IN FOREST HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT. Estimates of peak flows, with specified return periods, are needed in practice for the design of works that affect streams in forested areas. In the province of British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, the new Forest Practices Code specifies the 100-year instantaneous peak flow (Q100) for the design of bridges and culverts for stream crossings under forest roads; and many practitioners are engaged in making such estimates. The state of the art is still quite primitive, very similar to the state of urban hydrology 30 years ago, when popular estimating techniques were used with little consideration given to their applicability. Urban hydrology then evolved on a much more scientific basis, such that within about a 10-year period, standard approaches to design were developed. Forest hydrology should follow the same pattern, at least as far as estimating design flows is concerned. Popular present day design procedures include the rational method and other empirical approaches based on rainfall data, as use of the standard flood frequency approach is limited by the paucity of relevant flow data. Estimating procedures based on peak streamflow measurements and statistics are likely to evolve, and these will include distinctions for rain, snowmelt, and rain on snow floods. Guidelines will also be developed for selecting and applying appropriate procedures for particular areas.     

复合型人工湿地对抚仙湖入湖河道污水中氮的去除

在抚仙湖北岸构建复合型人工湿地污水处理系统,对窑泥沟入湖河道污水中氮的去除效果进行了试验研究,结果表明,系统水力负荷年平均为37mm/d,氮负荷年平均为3.315g/m2·d,对污水中NOx、NH+4、TON和TN去除率年平均分别为62.7%、53.8%、62.4%和57.5%.