水解酸化/好氧生化/Fenton氧化工艺处理制药废水的研究

进行了"水解酸化/好氧生化/Fenton氧化"工艺处理制药废水的试验研究,研究表明,该工艺的处理效果显著.水温为45～55℃时,经过16～20 h的水力停留时间,水解酸化可将废水的B/C比提高至0.30～0.35;好氧生化选用AB法,2～3 h曝气后的A段COD去除率可达到65%以上,7～9 h曝气后的B段COD去除率可达到40%以上;经过5～6 h的Fenton反应后,出水水质指标符合一级排放标准的要求.     

厌氧酸化-好氧光合细菌法处理含硫酸盐高浓度有机废水

采用抑制硫酸盐还原的厌氧酸化工艺与两级好氧光合细菌工艺组合技术,处理含硫酸盐高浓度有机废水,实现了硫酸盐不转化状态下的污染物高效去除.结果表明,当连续流酸化反应器内挥发酸浓度达31112mgCOD/L以上时,硫酸盐还原将被完全抑制.酸化段采用CODCr为44251mg/L的较高进水浓度,容积负荷25.0kgCOD/(m³·d),出水经稀释后进入容积负荷为4.0kgCOD/(m³·d)的两级好氧膜法光合细菌反应器,最终COD_Cr去除率达99.0%,总氮去除率67.5%,而硫酸盐还原被完全抑制.在两级PSB反应器中,PSB2反应器主要起脱氮作用,较高的DO(5.0～6.0mg/L)有利于脱氮.     

印染废水处理工程应用研究

印染厂生产废水具有高浓度、高色度和含有大量难降解有机物的特点 ,用单一的化学法或生物法处理效果不好。江阴某印染厂采用物化 +三级生化 +物化法处理印染生产废水 ,设计处理能力 36 0m3 d ,废水进水CODCr,BOD5,SS和色度分别为 2 0 0 0～ 30 0 0mg L ,6 0 0～ 70 0mg L ,350～ 50 0mg L和 50 0～ 1 0 0 0倍 ,经处理后 ,出水稳定并达到污水排放一级标准。     

Investigating the Uncertainties in the Simple Mass Balance Equation for Acidity Critical Loads for Terrestrial Ecosystems in the United Kingdom

The Simple Mass Balance (SMB)equation has been developed and used as one ofthe principal methods for calculating criticalloads of acidity for forest ecosystems. Criticalloads have formed the basis for informing policyrelated to the control and abatement of emissionsof acidifying pollutants. The SMB equationrelies on a variety of assumptions and dataderived from a variety of sources. Each of thesecomponent constituents has a potential source oferror depending on the method(s) used for theirderivation and the value(s) assigned. The resultis the possibility of generating a range ofcritical load values for a single ecosystem. This paper summarises the SMB equation, examinesthe uncertainties in deriving input values andreviews other works on the key assumptions.     

酸化容量模式及其理论计算方法探讨

综述酸化容量的定义、测定方法、指标标准化方法基础上,提出了适合我国国情的酸化容量理论计算体系。以水化学理论和西南地区小面积水体的平均水质状况为基础,得出甲基橙碱度的校正值为107μeq/L。以我国水文水质的常规监测项目总碱度、pH值、COD以及预测得到的A^13＋为基本数据,得出酸化容量的计算公式。为酸化容量区域划分提供了理论基础     

Variations in Epilimnion Thickness in Small Boreal Shield Lakes: Relationships with Transparency, Weather and Acidification

We used multiple linear regression analysis to investigate relationships between late-summer epilimnion thickness, transparency, lake area, acidity and summer weather conditions in a large ($n = 116$) multi-year data set for 9 small Boreal Shield lakes. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the best individual predictor of late summer epilimnion thickness ($r^{2} = 0.69$). Total chlorophyll~$a$, the number of days between ice-out and late-summer stratification, and lake area collectively explained an additional 14% of the variation in epilimnion thickness. The three attributes of summer weather that we examined, mean daily temperature, mean daily wind speed, and mean daily hours of bright sunshine, did not add to the predictive ability of our regression model. Lake acidity also did not add directly to the predictive ability of the model, likely because DOC concentrations already reflected the effects of pH. Our study supports an increasing body of evidence indicating that the dominant effects of climate change on lake thermal structure in small lakes will be through effects on processes that affect lake transparency.     

Modeling the Effect of Liming on Calcium Concentration in Swedish Lakes

To abate the severe acidification of Swedish lakes are about 7% directly limed (AL-lakes). These are important to include when assessing acidification. Consequently, we need to estimate their chemical status as if they were not lime-affected. We hypothesize that there is a spatial dependence for calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Spatial variation is determined using variograms. We study lakes within two 150 ∗ 150 km quadrates (EMEP150-grid) in the middle and southern parts of Sweden. We model Ca in AL-lakes using the Ca and Mg concentrations in nearby, unaffected lakes (UL-lakes). The mean Ca/Mg for the three or seven closest UL-lakes is used. We assume that Ca/Mg is constant for UL-lakes and that Mg unaltered by liming. For UL-lakes, Ca and Mg are spatially dependent. For AL-lakes, there is a spatial dependence for Mg, but, as anticipated, not for Ca. The modeled Ca for UL-lakes show a good correspondence with measured Ca; r ² > 0.6; slopes close to 1 and intercepts almost 0. Using three or seven nearby lakes when modeling Ca give similar results. Modeled Ca was higher than measured Ca for 36% (three closest lakes) and 38% (seven closest) of the modeled AL-lakes in the middle part of Sweden. The corresponding results for the southern part were 10% and 9%, respectively. This model is an acceptable estimator of Ca in limed lakes and for estimating critical loads and acidification status on an EMEP-scale.     

施用尿素和硫酸铵对红壤硝化和酸化作用的影响

通过室内恒温培养试验,研究施用CO(NH2)2和(NH4)2SO4对初始pH值分别为5.14、4.77和4.34的红壤酸化速率和硝化速率的影响。结果表明,施用CO(NH2)2显著增加了3种红壤的硝化速率,从而显著加速土壤酸化。培养结束时,3种红壤pH值较培养过程中最高值分别下降2.14、1.23和0.56。施用(NH4)2SO4抑制了初始pH<5.0的2种红壤的硝化作用,从而显著降低这2种红壤的硝化速率和酸化速率,但显著增加了初始pH>5.0红壤的硝化速率,对其酸化速率则未见显著影响。3种红壤的酸化速率与硝化速率间存在显著线性相关关系。硝化作用是导致农田红壤pH值下降的主要原因之一,但不同氮肥对红壤硝化速率和酸化速率的影响不同。     

硫铁矿酸化过程中铊向水环境的释放迁移行为

采用动态风化模拟实验方法对来自广东某Tl污染区的硫铁矿矿样进行了2a左右持续的氧化淋滤实验,研究了硫铁矿酸化趋势及毒害金属元素铊Tl从源头向环境长期释放迁移的特征,探讨了硫铁矿酸化及Tl释放迁移的机制.结果表明:含碳酸盐硫铁矿暴露后,排放液pH值随时间呈缓慢波段下降趋势,较长时期内排放液pH>5.伴随硫铁矿酸化过程,Tl具特有的释放迁移特征.硫铁矿一旦暴露Tl就开始释放,且具强的迁移性,随后伴随风化进程呈波段减弱.在pH>5的环境中,Tl释放迁移受pH值的影响不同于酸性(pH<5)环境中,pH值降低对Tl的释放迁移没有促进作用,滤液中Tl的浓度与pH值呈正相关,还原环境有助于Tl的释放迁移.     

典型酸碱条件下NO2-对剩余污泥水解产酸的影响

控制温度35℃,在典型pH值条件下(酸性5.0,碱性9.0)对比研究了NO2-对剩余污泥水解酸化性能的影响.结果表明:投加亚硝酸盐促进了剩余污泥的水解,提高了总可溶性COD(SCOD)产量,且随着时间的进行,酸性时比碱性时水解程度更高,到第28d时,总SCOD浓度由高到低依次为B1(pH=5且加NO2-),B2(pH=9且加NO2-),B4(pH=9且未加NO2-),B3(pH=5且未加NO2-);B1,B2,B3和B4中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)最高浓度分别为4476,4303,1350和2921mg/L,表明亚硝酸盐同样增强了污泥的酸化程度,并且酸性条件时促进作用更大.除此之外,酸性且投加NO2-的条件可以有效减少氨氮的释放.