臭氧氧化饮用水过程中可同化有机碳生成的影响因素

研究臭氧化过程中,臭氧投加量、p H值和离子强度对可同化有机碳(assimilable organic carbon,AOC)生成量的影响.结果表明,臭氧投加量在1~5 mg·L~(-1)范围,AOC的生成量随着投加量的增加而增加,但过高的臭氧投加量(9 mg·L~(-1))反而导致AOC生成量下降.p H越高(6~9),AOC的生成量也越高.AOC的生成量随着离子强度的升高而下降.臭氧氧化强疏组分AOC的生成量最高,其次为弱疏,而极亲和中亲最低.研究发现,AOC的生成量与小分子有机物的SUVA有密切的关系,较低的SUVA产生较多的AOC.     

城市污水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

分别采用凝胶色谱、亲疏水性组分分离、荧光色谱等方法,研究了城市污水处理厂二级出水中溶解性有机物的分子量分布、亲疏水组分含量以及荧光光谱特性。结果表明,二级出水中疏水性组分较亲水性组分多,疏水性组分约占总有机物的64.3%,而亲水性组分占35.7%左右;二级出水及其不同亲/疏水组分中溶解性有机物分子量分布基本集中在4.5 kDa以下,其中弱疏水性组分和亲水性组分中主要为分子量小于1.5 kDa的有机物;二级出水溶解性有机物中含有腐殖酸类、富里酸类以及蛋白质类物质,其中含量以腐殖酸类为主。     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

膜接触反应器臭氧传质及其对模拟印染废水的降解

对膜接触反应器传质过程及其在模拟印染废水降解中的应用进行了研究。实验表明,产水臭氧浓度随着液相雷诺数、气相臭氧浓度和膜长的增加而升高,随着温度升高而下降。在膜接触反应器中,臭氧体积传质系数kLa可达0.317 s-1,比鼓泡反应器大15~62倍。对模拟印染废水的降解速率常数ka可达0.336 s-1, 比鼓泡反应器大65%,而比臭氧消耗量为鼓泡反应器的45%。实验表明,膜接触反应器具有体积较小,臭氧利用效率较高等优势。     

憎水性污染物在表面活性剂溶液中的增溶动力学

为了解表面活性剂溶液对憎水性污染物增溶过程的影响因素,研究六氯乙烷在Ｔｗｅｅｎ２０溶液中的增溶动力学过程,建立了六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中增溶的传质模型．模型表明当六氯乙烷总表面积固定时,其溶解速率同六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度和表观传质系数呈正相关．发现六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中的表观传质系数和纯水中的相比降低了,但由于表面活性剂对六氯乙烷的增溶作用导致其溶解速率总体上是提高的     

论疏水絮凝与疏水作用力

1982年Israelachvili和Pashley在Nature期刊上报道了以实验测得的疏水作用力,这一发现使当时的学者们倍感兴奋,激起了一个持续不断的研究.经过30多年的研究,疏水作用力被证明客观存在,并被众多科学家所认可.根据这一发现,经典的DLVO理论应补充疏水作用力,成为扩展的DLVO理论,经典的絮凝理论也应包括疏水絮凝的贡献.迄今疏水絮凝在矿物分选领域已取得了巨大成功,但在水处理领域尚缺乏认识和研究.本文综述了疏水作用力及疏水絮凝的发现,探讨了疏水作用力的热力学解释和微观机理,指出了水处理技术中涉及到的一些疏水絮凝原理,认为水处理工作者应大力开展疏水絮凝的研究,以疏水絮凝的理论进一步推动水处理科学技术的发展.     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by effluent organic matter： Characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ranging from 2 kDa to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in different MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the effect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples above. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the effluents. MW distribution has a significant effect on the membrane fouling. When the MW was less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

生物表面活性剂强化疏水性有机污染物生物降解研究进展

介绍了生物表面活性剂的类型、理化性质、生物表面活性剂提高疏水性有机污染物生物可利用性的机理及其在污染场地生物修复中应用方面的研究进展。生物表面活性剂不仅具有乳化、增溶、降低表／界面张力等功能,而且低毒、对环境友好、易于生物降解,因而在环境污染的生物治理方面具有极大的应用潜力。     

Bioaccumulation of toxic hydrophobic organic compounds at the primary trophic level

The prevailing hypothesis, which states that the uptake of HOCs by phytoplankton is controlled by the compound's lipophilicity (Kow) was tested. The approach taken was to determine the factors that controlled the uptake of PCBs by phytoplankton under controlled laboratory conditions, and to develop a model that would describe bioaccumulation of PCBs in phytoplankton.The results demonstrate a relationship of BAF to Kow and to phytoplankton surface properties, as well as the data presented here, support the hypothesis that the mechanism of HOC uptake is a rapid surface sorption followed by a slower transfer into lipids in the cell matrix. The work on the kinetics of uptake indicates that equilibrium is reached slowly and that the rate of uptake is of similar magnitude as phytoplankton growth under normal field conditions.Thus a critical factor that controls the bioaccumulation of HOCs reach equilibrium in phytoplankton itself.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.