Adsorption and mechanistic study of the invasive plant-derived biochar functionalized with CaAl-LDH for Eu(III) in water

Herein, we developed the invasive plant-derived biochar (IPB) functionalized with CaAl-LDH at five mass ratios using a physical mixture method, assessed their adsorption perform for Eu(III), and explored the relative mechanisms. Results show that the IPB successfully loaded CaAl-LDH in five composites and their Eu(III) sorption affinities were strongly affected by solution pH, contact time, temperature, and the mass ratio of LDH and IPB. All the sorpiton process for Eu(III) occurred on the heterogeneous surface of five composites and the boundary layer diffusion limited the chemical sorption rate. Interestingly, the CaAl-LDH/IPB composite with high ratio of IPB had higher sorption capacity than the one with high ratio of LDH due to larger porosity of the former. Three mechanisms containing ion exchange between Al and Eu ions, surface complexation with carboxyl- and oxygen-containing functional groups, and precipitation were involved in the Eu(III) sorption, but the dominant sorption mechanism for each CaAl-LDH/IPB composite differed with different mass ratio of CaAl-LDH and IPB. In composite with more IPB (e.g., CaAl-LDH/IPB-13), both ion exchange and surface complexes dominated the sorption process and the intensity of Eu³⁺ was identified with the one of Eu₂O_3. Whereas in composites with high LDH, ion exchange dominated the sorption and the intensity of Eu³⁺ was obviously higher than the one of Eu₂O₃. This research will provide a new perspective for the application of the LDH/biochar materials.     

菹草对湖泊水质及浮游植物群落结构的影响

沉水植物的季节性死亡分解会引起水体环境的巨大改变,如大量释放有机碳和氮磷等植物营养素,进而可能引起浮游植物群落结构的显著变化.本文以菹草为例,调查了我国江淮中下游平原14个浅水湖泊中该物种春季生长期和夏季衰亡期水环境物理化学指标和浮游植物相关参数,并量化了菹草衰亡对水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明,在春季,菹草的生长显著抑制了沉积物的悬浮,提高了水体的透明度,同时菹草在生长过程中,吸收了水体中的营养元素并将其储存在植株体内或输送到沉积物中,菹草的光合作用还显著提高了水体的溶解氧和pH.然而,夏季菹草的衰亡使得湖水变得十分浑浊,水体有机质含量显著上升.此外,本研究还发现夏季有草区与无草区浮游植物组成和蓝藻生物量差异显著,对应的蓝藻占总藻生物量的比值分别为18.96%和34.05%.菹草衰亡区的蓝藻表现出更大生物量的原因如下:一是植株体的分解为蓝藻提供了充足的有机质和氮磷物质,为蓝藻的增殖提供了营养来源;二是夏季菹草衰亡导致水体浊度增加,使得蓝藻在竞争中占据了更好生态位,使其具备更大的氮、磷营养盐利用效率.     

中国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放的健康影响特征

基于全国高分辨率燃煤电厂排放数据库,利用全球-区域嵌套的大气化学伴随模式GEOS-Chem Adjoint,分析了全国各电网区域不同类型燃煤机组对PM_(2.5)污染相关健康影响的贡献.结果发现,2010年中国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放产生的PM_(2.5)污染导致10. 6万人(95%CI:6. 8~13. 2万人)过早死亡,占全国人为源PM_(2.5)污染相关过早死亡人数的9. 8%.其中,小型机组和老旧机组的健康损失强度(定义为单位发电量导致的过早死亡人数)显著高于大型机组和新建机组.装机容量小于100 MW机组的健康损失强度达到62人·(TW·h)~(-1),是装机容量600 MW以上机组的2. 8倍.类似地,投运年限超过30 a的老旧机组的健康损失强度为58人·(TW·h)~(-1),是投运年限5 a以内新机组的2. 1倍.在电网层面,华中电网的健康损失强度较大,达到77人·(TW·h)~(-1).进一步分析跨电网区域电力输送隐含的健康损失发现,2010年跨电网输电导致燃煤电厂健康损失较无跨电网输电情景增加过早死亡680人.本研究结果表明我国应当加快小型机组和老旧机组的淘汰步伐,降低燃煤电厂的污染健康影响,同时通过优化区域间输电结构,减少整体污染健康损失水平.     

Quantification of multi-antibiotic resistant opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in bioaerosols in and around a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant

Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) are thought to be a "seedbed" and reservoirs for multi-antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria which can be transmitted to the air environment through aeration. We quantified airborne multi-antibiotic resistance in a full-scale plant to treat antibiotics-producing wastewater by collecting bioaerosol samples from December2014 to July 2015. Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacteria(GNOPB) were isolated, and antibiotic susceptibility tests against 18 commonly used antibiotics, including 11 β-lactam antibiotics, 3 aminoglycosides, 2 fluoroquinolones, 1 furan and 1 sulfonamide, were conducted.More than 45% of airborne bacteria isolated from the pharmaceutical WWTP were resistant to three or more antibiotics, and some opportunistic pathogenic strains were resistant to 16 antibiotics, whereas 45.3% and 50.3% of the strains isolated from residential community and municipal WWTP showed resistance to three or more antibiotics. The calculation of the multiple antibiotic resistance(MAR) index demonstrated that the air environment in the pharmaceutical WWTP was highly impacted by antibiotic resistance, while the residential community and municipal WWTP was less impacted by antibiotic resistance. In addition, we determined that the dominant genera of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria isolated from all bioaerosol samples were Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas. Collectively, these results indicate the proliferations and spread of antibiotic resistance through bioaerosols in WWTP treating cephalosporin-producing wastewater, which imposed a potential health risk for the staff and residents in the neighborhood, calling for administrative measures to minimize the air-transmission hazard.     

经济植物湿地处理洱海流域低污染河水的性能

为研究水生经济植物湿地对洱海流域低污染河水的处理效果,在洱海北部罗时江入湖河口建设了面积为2 hm2水生经济植物湿地,其中水生经济植物包括4种水生蔬菜——空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)、薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq.)、水芹菜〔Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC〕、茭白〔Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf)〕,3种药用植物——香茶菜〔Rabdosia amethystoides (Benth.)〕、灯心草(Juncus albesens)、水菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)和1种观赏植物——美人蕉(Canna indica L.). 结果表明:湿地对TN、TP、NH₃-N、NO₃--N均具良好去除效果,近3个月运行期间,平均去除率分别为66.4%、60.3%、60.4%和73.2%;但该湿地对COD_Mn的平均去除率仅为5.0%. 不同湿地水生经济植物表现出了不同的水质净化能力,其中TN平均去除效率表现为水芹菜>香茶菜>美人蕉>茭白>空心菜>薄荷,TP平均去除效率表现为水芹菜>薄荷>美人蕉>香茶菜>空心菜>茭白. 研究表明,水生经济植物湿地对低污染河水具有良好的净化效果,在洱海流域具有推广意义.      

挺水植物对湖泊水质数值模拟过程的影响

将environmental fluids dynamics code(EFDC)模型和CE-QUAL-ICM模型相结合,建立了内蒙古乌梁素海富营养化模型.在建模过程中,考虑挺水植物分布情况及其密度、高度、直径等形态指标,并将考虑挺水植物影响与未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷模拟过程进行计算、对比、分析.结果表明,考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,而未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值未能反映实测值的变化趋势,可见,湖泊挺水植物的存在对氮磷浓度的迁移转化起着关键的作用.同时,在模拟过程中明显提高了运算效率和模拟精度,表明考虑挺水植物影响的富营养化模型能够较好地反映湖区内某位置氮磷浓度的动态模拟结果,能够为湖泊管理部门提供一定的参考.     

人工释放转基因植物对群落结构以及环境的影响

转基因植物指的是利用DNA重组技术克隆基因导入植物细胞或组织,从而使植物表现出新的性状。基因交流的范围会无限的扩大,可从病毒、细胞、植物等导入植物,因此我们顾虑：人工转基因转人植物,会不会释放到环境中后产生严重的环境污染。鉴于此,本文做出了人工释放转基因植物对群落结构影响的分析。     

火电厂空冷机组水耗及煤耗性能分析

采用空冷机组是解决富煤贫水地区发电的有效措施,在中国西北部运用有着极为实际的意义,因此对中国燃煤电厂空冷机组的节水性能进行定量分析也具有现实意义。文章从国内外火电厂直接空冷机组与间接空冷机组发展的历史过程出发,在对近100个不同等级、不同冷却方式的火电项目样本进行统计分析的基础上,分别对直接空冷、间接空冷机组与常规火电机组的水耗及煤耗性能进行定量分析与比较,得出相应的水耗及煤耗结果,给出了水耗与煤耗的相关性,并给出相应的火电厂节水建议。     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78-42.74 mg/g, 5.71-19.53 mg/g and 6.71-8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The abovegroun...     

不同水生植物在暴雨湿地中的水质净化作用

选择菖蒲、芦苇、美人蕉、鸢尾和水花生(空心莲子草)5种典型的湿地水生植物,以武汉动物园猩猩馆流域为研究区域,通过三年的长期定位试验,研究了这5种典型水生植物对暴雨径流湿地中氮、磷等不同污染物的吸收能力、养分负荷变化、吸附解析性能以及去除贡献率。结果表明,水生植物对氮、磷的吸附能力主要与水生植物的生物量有关,随着生物量的增加逐渐升高。在降雨量逐渐减少的情况下,植物体吸收的氮磷占流域年输入总氮的百分比可以从7.8%升高到35.9%,占流域输入总磷的百分比从21.8%升高到69.4%。在这5种典型水生植物中,芦苇对湿地中氮的吸收能力最强,鸢尾对湿地中磷的吸收能力最强;芦苇和菖蒲茎叶中的氮、磷、钾元素含量要高于根系中的养分含量;不同的植物种类在腐烂时污染物的释放量差异较大,其中鸢尾释放量最大,其次是菖蒲和美人蕉,芦苇释放量最少;而菖蒲对水中高锰酸盐指数和TP的吸附量最大,其次是鸢尾、美人蕉和芦苇。