云南珍稀濒危植物的保护现状与对策

对云南自然环境、珍稀濒危植物的特点和保护现状进行了阐述,并对如何更好地保护与研究云南珍稀濒危植物提出了对策和建议。     

昆明地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护对策

对昆明地区分布的珍稀濒危植物的种类、分布、保护现状进行调查。结果显示：昆明地区有珍稀濒危植物42科54属55种,其中真菌有1科1属1种,蕨类植物有3科3属3种,裸子植物有5科7属7种,被子植物有33科43属44种。通过分析昆明地区珍稀濒危植物的种类、生活习性、地理分布特征、保护现状及其濒危原因,提出了相应的保护对策。     

经济快速发展区六氯丁二烯的来源与分布特征

为解析长三角、京津冀和珠三角地区六氯丁二烯（HCBD）来源及分布特征,基于三大区域氯代烃生产水平及废水排放情况对三大区域HCBD排放来源及其在水体和土壤中的分布情况开展研究.结果表明,三氯乙烯（TCE）和四氯乙烯（PCE）生产副产物以及污水处理厂污水污泥排放成为三大区域HCBD主要来源.2018年三大区域中来自TCE和PCE生产副产物的HCBD总排放量为498.46 t,其中来自TCE生产副产物的占比为66.9%.三大区域工业及生活污水处理厂HCBD排放量分别为628.9 kg和254.6 kg.长三角地区氯代烃生产及污水处理厂HCBD排放量显著较高,分别为497.8 t和648 kg,而京津冀地区两类源排放量为0.37 t和125 kg,珠三角地区为0.29 t和110.3 kg.长三角、京津冀和珠三角地区自然水体中HCBD平均质量浓度分别为0.35、0.25和0.64 μg·L^-1,饮用水中HCBD平均质量浓度为0.16、0.09和0.04 μg·L^-1.城市饮用水中HCBD的整体水平较低.工业土壤中HCBD含量显著高于农田土壤,含量分别为9.3~24.6 ng·g^-1和0.13~2.67 ng·g^-1.与水体中HCBD污染情况相同,长三角地区土壤中HCBD污染最为严重,这与长三角地区HCBD排放量显著高于京津冀和珠三角地区相关,亟需引起重视.     

典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明,在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1;在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中,检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1,H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1,W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1,W1］,布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1,H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1,H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物,且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间,高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后,根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量,20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1,其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高,苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1,各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.     

Heavy metal phyto-technologies from Ramsar wetland plants: green approach

Side effects of chemical technologies to remediate hazardous heavy metals paved the way to green phyto-technologies. The present research investigated the effectiveness of wetland plants Lemna minor (duckweed), Azolla pinnata (water fern), and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) pertaining to synchronised removal of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd) from a Ramsar site of an Indo-Burma global biodiversity hot spot region. These plants were grown at different concentrations (1.0, 2.0, and 5.0?mg/L) of metals in microcosm investigation. To this end, the result indicated high removal (>90%) of different metals during 15 days of the experiment. Furthermore, maximum removal was noted on the 12th day of the experiment. Also, results revealed that E. crassipes was the most efficient for the removal of heavy metals followed by L. minor and A. pinnata. Results from analysis confirmed the accumulation of metals within the macrophytes and a corresponding decrease of metals in the wastewater. Significant correlations between metal concentration, water, and wetland plants were obtained. To this end, wetland plants accumulated heavy metals within their tissues, leading to physiological/biochemical alterations. Selected plants exhibited a wide range of stress tolerance to all of the metals and therefore might be utilised for eco-removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. Finally, issues of phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, phytomining, and bioenergy have been critically discussed to attain a sustainability paradigm in the use of phyto-technologies for a green future in the environment sector.     

Plant biomass allocation strategies of the dominant species in an alpine meadow of northwestern Sichuan,China北大核心CSCD

Plant biomass partitioning is an important driver of whole-plant net carbon gain, as biomass allocation could directly affect plant's future growth and reproduction. Alpine meadow in the northwestern Sichuan was impressed by the abundant community structure and species diversity. This study on biomass allocation pattern of different functional types and lifeforms might help understand plant life-history strategy of alpine meadow plants. We investigated 72 dominant herbaceous species for their compartments, biomass, and morphological traits during 2012-2014. These plants were sampled from natural grassland, disturbed grassland, and wintergreen grassland; they belonged to three functional types (grass, sedge, and forb) and two lifeforms (annual and perennial). The scaling relationships between functional traits of these plants were analyzed using Model type II regression method to estimate the parameters of the allometric equations. (1) Biomass allocation proportion of components significantly differed among grasses, sedges, and forbs owing to phylogeny: grasses had the highest stem biomass percentage, sedges had higher root biomass percentage, and forbs had higher leaf biomass percentage, but the scaling relationships were not significantly different, and isometric scaling was noted between biomass components for the three functional types. (2) Moreover, plant lifeforms affected the biomass allocation proportion of components, owing to the shorter or longer turnover rate and investment strategy between annual and perennial species. Annuals allocated more biomass to the stem and reproduction organs, but perennials invested more biomass to the leaves and roots. (3) In addition, plants from different grassland types differed in both biomass and morphology traits. Moreover, forbs from natural grassland and wintergreen grassland had higher leaf and reproductive biomass, but those from disturbed grasslands had higher stem biomass. Our results suggest that the functional type and lifeform decide the inherent scaling relationships between components of plants, but anthropogenic disturbance significantly impacted the quantity of component biomass. This study has important theoretical and practical significance to understand the response of alpine plants to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance as well as to help in the scientific management of alpine meadow. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Nitrogen removal from summer to winter in a field pilot-scale multistage constructed wetland-pond system

A pilot-scale multistage constructed wetland-pond（MCWP） system with a "pre-ecological oxidation pond, two-stage horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland（HSCW） and surface flow constructed wetland（SFCW） as the core and postsubmerged plant pond" as the process was used to treat actual polluted river water in the field, and the variation in nitrogen removal from summer to winter was investigated. The results showed that the average total nitrogen（TN） removal efficiency in the MCWP was approxi...     

Exotic gene expression in transgenic plants as a tool for monitoring environmental pollution

Environmental monitoring can benefit from the application of molecular and biochemical techniques as biomarkers. In principle, molecular biomarkers may have some advantage over more classical, organismal level markers because of their sensitivity, efficiency and reproducibility. Nevertheless, some disadvantages such as the cost, resource requirements and lack of specificity have limited their widespread use. Molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technologies, however, allow to improve simplicity and cost, together with reliability, efficiency and sensitivity, of molecular biomarkers. The stress inducible promoter of the barley gene Hvhspl7, which is induced by a number of environmental stress (including some heavy metals), has been fused to the reporter gene GUS in a plasmid. This plasmid was used for stable transformation of tobacco. Some of the transgenic plants obtained after selection showed enhanced GUS expression after exposure to some heavy metals. Maintenance of the plants for three generations, and the analysis of the response to treatments, suggest that these transgenic plants may be utilised as an affordable biomarker for monitoring heavy metal pollution.     

Ranking Lepidopteran Use of Native Versus Introduced Plants

Abstract:  In light of the wide-scale replacement of native plants in North America with introduced, invasive species and noninvasive ornamental plants that evolved elsewhere, we compared the value of native and introduced plants in terms of their ability to serve as host plants for Lepidoptera. Insect herbivores such as Lepidoptera larvae are critically important components of terrestrial food webs and any reduction in their biomass or diversity due to the loss of acceptable host plants is predicted to reduce the production of the many insectivores in higher trophic levels. We conducted an exhaustive search of host records in the literature. We used the data we gathered to rank all 1385 plant genera that occur in the mid-Atlantic states of the United States by their ability to support Lepidoptera richness. Statistical comparisons were made with Welch's test for equality of means. Woody plants supported more species of moths and butterflies than herbaceous plants, native plants supported more species than introduced plants, and native woody plants with ornamental value supported more Lepidoptera species than introduced woody ornamentals. All these differences were highly significant. Our rankings provide a relative measure that will be useful for restoration ecologists, landscape architects and designers, land managers, and landowners who wish to raise the carrying capacity of particular areas by selecting plants with the greatest capacity for supporting biodiversity.     

Invasion, Disturbance, and Competition: Modeling the Fate of Coastal Plant Populations

Abstract:  Wetland habitats are besieged by biotic and abiotic disturbances such as invasive species, hurricanes, habitat fragmentation, and salinization. Predicting how these factors will alter local population dynamics and community structure is a monumental challenge. By examining ecologically similar congeners, such as Iris hexagona and I. pseudacorus (which reproduce clonally and sexually and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions), one can identify life-history traits that are most influential to population growth and viability. We combined empirical data and stage-structured matrix models to investigate the demographic responses of native ( I. hexagona ) and invasive ( I. pseudacorus ) plant populations to hurricanes and salinity stress in freshwater and brackish wetlands. In our models I. hexagona and I. pseudacorus responded differently to salinity stress, and species coexistence was rare. In 82% of computer simulations of freshwater marsh, invasive iris populations excluded the native species within 50 years, whereas native populations excluded the invasive species in 99% of the simulations in brackish marsh. The occurrence of hurricanes allowed the species to coexist, and species persistence was determined by the length of time it took the ecosystem to recover. Rapid recovery (2 years) favored the invasive species, whereas gradual recovery (30 years) favored the native species. Little is known about the effects of hurricanes on competitive interactions between native and invasive plant species in marsh ecosystems. Our models contribute new insight into the relationship between environmental disturbance and invasion and demonstrate how influential abiotic factors such as climate change will be in determining interspecific interactions.