水环境中PFOA和PFOS的质量浓度分布及其生态毒性

全氟辛酸类物质（PFOA）以及全氟辛烷磺酸类物质（PFOS）是不易降解、具有持久性的污染物,环境中存在的这些痕量物质对水生生物和人体造成潜在威胁.根据目前国内外已有的研究结果,系统论述了水环境中PFOA和PFOS的来源、毒性及其在部分国家和地区的污水处理厂、湖泊、河流、海岸带以及自来水中的污染现状.根据德国对污水处理厂...     

湿地公园的植物景观设计——以上海崇明岛西沙湿地公园为例

湿地公园是湿地与公园的复合体,体现了“在保护中利用,在利用中保护”的生态思想,其中植物景观起到了很大的作用。在湿地公园的设计中,对湿地植物的选择也尤为重要。上海崇明西沙湿地公园,是一个以自然保护为主的主体性公园。其保留了大部分的水生植物和湿生植物的构建模式,在保留层面有很大的优势,但同时也体现出一定的不足,希望通过对其优劣势的分析,对今后的湿地植物景观设计有更多的借鉴。     

Processes Influencing Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur in Soils

The influence of different plant and soil processes on the concentrations of soluble organic forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in soil and drainage waters is reviewed. Current knowledge about soluble organic matter is restricted mainly to dissolved organic carbon. Comparable information about soluble organic nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in processes such as eutrophication, plant uptake and decomposition is limited. Data are presented to highlight the potential sources of soluble organic components together with a discussion of their likely fate within the soil profile. the implications of changes in land use and management practices on dissolved organic matter are discussed.     

水生维管束植物在水污染中的应用

随着水污染的加剧，高效低耗的水污染处理技术逐渐受到人们的重视，水生维管束植物以其特有的组织和生态功能及易于人工操纵等原因而在净化水体污染、防治富营养化方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对水生维管束植物在水质净化中的作用、影响因素、水生植物的综合利用及其在水污染监测中的作用等方面进行了系统分析，提出多种植物组合比单种植物能更好地实现对水体的净化，通过温度、水深的调控措施可以加强水生维管束植物对水质的净化效果，温度、水深、水质状况以及水生植物的经济价值等是水生植物选择的重要因素。指出了当前水生维管束植物研究中存在的一些问题，认为在人为操纵下，对于水生植物的长效管理是其在水污染应用中的一个重要内容。     

空气负离子浓度分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

大气离子是由许多自然和人为的原因产生,并且它们的浓度在不同环境场所下差别很大。选取我国南部沿海某省份作为研究区域,挑选近10处具有代表性的环境场所进行实测研究,收集了空气正、负离子浓度、风速、空气温度、相对湿度、材料和植物负离子浓度等数据。实测数据表明：地面上的空气负离子浓度随着地理环境因素（瀑布、海边、峡谷、乡村田野、郊区旷野、县城等）不同差别很大,其中瀑布〉海边〉峡谷〉溪流〉县城;同时空气负离子浓度与风速、水、植物、相对湿度等有较为密切的关系。通过对实测数据进行分析得出以下结论,1）空气的摩擦可以有效显著地增加空气中负离子的浓度,两者呈现出一定的正相关关系。2）水体在撞击和喷射过程能加快正负电荷的分离,水速流动地越快,相应摩擦产生的电离能越大,周边环境的空气负离子浓度就越高;同时随着距离的衰减,环境中的空气负离子浓度也在不断地降低。3）空气负离子浓度与植物群落的种类结构和配置相关,其中高处复层结构植物〉低处复层结构植物〉低处单层结构植物。4）相对湿度与空气负离子具有良好的相关性。5）温度与空气负离子的关系有待进一步明确。6）适宜的温度、湿度以及风速能使人感到舒服,有益于人体的健康。7）自然生态环境整体而言,空气负离子浓度大,空气清洁度均为A级最清洁。通过结果和分析给城市生态环境建设方面以重要的启示,因此作者从城市规划层面进一步提出以下建议：1）以自然环境的空气负离子浓度值为参考标准研究城市环境的空气负离子浓度和空气清洁度,进行符合气候和生态资源运行状态的设计,对于优化城市生态环境和城乡规划建设的水平有着重要的意义。2）加强自然通风、增加水体景观设计以及扩大绿地并减少不必要的硬质广?     

三种木本植物对酸雨的敏感性和抗性

酸雨污染对生态系统和人类生存环境造成严重影响,研究植物抗性及其对环境的适应能力是大气污染胁迫退化生态系统恢复中植物种类选择的基础和前提。作者选择陶瓷工业污染区南海西樵山和相对清洁区肇庆鼎湖山自然生长的木本植物鸭脚木(Schefflera octophylla)、荷木(Schima superba)当年生叶和一年生叶以及马尾松(Pinus massoniana)一年生针叶进行生理指标的测定和分析。结果表明:在酸雨污染环境下,3 种植物叶片的细胞膜透性受到损害,光合色素降解,PSII 最大光化学效率下降;对酸雨污染的敏感性次序为:马尾松>鸭脚木≥荷木,马尾松为酸雨敏感种。初步讨论了树木对酸雨污染的部分抗性生理机制,为酸雨污染地区退化生态系统恢复之植被选择提供理论依据。     

A risk assessment system for alien plant bio-invasion in Xiamen of China

Bio-invasion has caused serious ecosystem damage and enormous economic losses in China, and it has been the greatest factor to island bio-diversity reduction. Xiamen, as an important seaport with a relatively high conservation value, is particularly vulnerable to bio-invasion for its typical island ecosystem as well as frequent human-made disturbance. As a result of field surveys, literature review, and consultation with experts, a list of 67 alien plants identified as major invaders (12 species) and emerging invaders (55 species) in Xiamen has been compiled. Based on the analysis of the current situation of bio-invasion in Xiamen, a risk assessment system for alien plant invasion has been designed using a ranking system and an analytic hierarchy process. The system consists of 17 secondary indices, grouped into 6 primary indices reflecting the different stages in the bio-invasion process: introduction, establishment, dispersion, current range, infestation, and artificial control. Biogeographical, ecological, and experience-linked aspects of the species as well as artificial disturbance were taken into account in the index selection and criterion development. The system was then validated (and worked well) using fifty well-known alien plant species as candidates. Appropriate recommendations are proposed to help local policy-makers prioritize their decisions on such alien plants.     

Application of Fair Trade certification for wild plants: lessons from a FairWild project in India

Based on a study of an experimental wild plant certification project implemented within a tribal community in India, this paper explores how wild plant collectors respond to two contradictory objectives of certification, namely, conserving a targeted plant species while promoting its sale. By providing economic incentives through certification, the project aimed to induce a shift from the collection of immature berries to mature berries from a targeted tree species. However, the majority of the collectors increased their harvests of mature berries while continuing to collect the same quantities of immature berries. This unanticipated project outcome can be attributed to the unique nature of wild plants as an uncertain income source that requires no investment. Evidently, collectors have developed their own concepts of ecological and economic sustainability derived from this unique income source endowed by nature, and have incorporated the new economic opportunity into their own natural resource management strategies.     

城市绿地系统生物多样性保护的策略探讨

生物多样性是提高城市绿地系统生态功能的前提和城市多样化景观的基础。通过保护自然遗留地,建立绿色生态网络,开发利用地带性物种,尤其是乡土植物,并有节制地引进外域特色樾的,扩大多样性物种的种群增加绿地规模,促进公园和环城绿带的自然化,营造生物多样性高的复层群落结构,形成具有地域性植被征的城市生物多样性格局提高绿地系统的生物多样性。     

云南药用植物种质资源的试管保存技术

本文介绍了植物种质资源试管保存的实验技术,分析了药用植物试管苗基因库建立及超低温保存的程序、特点,并研究了云南珍稀药用植物如千年健、粉叶小檗、金钗石斛及绞股蓝种质的试管保存技术,为云南省珍稀濒危药用植物的保护及合理利用提供了方法和依据