Disinfection by-product (DBP) research in China: Are we on the track?

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974, continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included: (1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China; (2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process; (3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation; and (4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.     

Biodegradation of typical azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions

Widespread use of azole fungicides and low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have led to the elevated concentration of azole fungicides in receiving environment. However, there was limited research about the removal mechanism of azole fungicides in the biological treatment of WWTPs. Imidazole fungicide climbazole and triazole fungicide fluconazole were selected to investigate the biodegradation mechanism of azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Climbazole was found to be adsorbed to solid sludge and resulted in quick biodegradation. The degradation of climbazole in the aerobic activated sludge system was fitted well by the first-order kinetic model with a half-life of 5.3 days, while fluconazole tended to stay in liquid and had only about 30% of loss within 77 days incubation. Ten biotransformation products of climbazole were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry using suspect and non-target screening method. But no biodegradation products of fluconazole were identified due to its limited removal. The possible biodegradation pathways for climbazole were proposed based on the products identification and pathway prediction system, and involves oxidative dehalogenation, side chain oxidation and azole ring loss. The findings from this study suggest that it should be a concern for the persistence of fluconazole in the environment.     

泥石流早期识别与监测预警研究进展探讨

近年来,受极端地震和极端天气的影响,泥石流灾害日益加剧,山区城镇泥石流风险问题逐渐引起大众的关注。泥石流的早期识别和监测预警作为防灾减灾的有效途径之一,已在山区城镇及重大工程建设区发挥重要的减灾作用。分析总结泥石流早期识别与监测预警技术方法和理论的目的在于掌握其发展现状与问题,进一步为山区城镇泥石流灾害防灾减灾提供有效应急对策。同时指出改进当前存在问题可为后期发展提供参考依据。本文通过文献综述法在阅读大量文献基础上,从技术与设备、预警理论与模型和监测预警体系3个方面对泥石流早期识别和监测预警研究进行回顾与评述,并针对其不足提出了加强深度学习在泥石流早期识别中运用,注重构建地面因素与天上因素耦合的泥石流预警模型,完善泥石流灾害应急系统的初步看法。     

黄河流域入海口典型区域有机磷酸酯分布特征和风险评估

有机磷酸酯(OPEs)作为一类新污染物,具有毒性、持久性和生物累积性等特征,在生产生活中广泛使用且易进入环境中,对生态系统存在潜在风险.利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定了黄河干流及其支流入海口典型区域地表水中14种OPEs的浓度水平并总结分布特征,使用相关性分析和主成分分析解析其污染来源,并评价其生态风险.结果表明,各点位地表水中∑₁₄OPEs浓度范围为183.81～1 674.52 ng·L^-1,平均值为638.25 ng·L^-1,磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)和磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCPP)是主要的OPEs;流经城市区域的小清河与黄河干流和其它支流的OPEs组成特征不同,表明人类活动影响较大.∑₁₄OPEs沿黄河入海口方向先升高后,呈现出明显的区域性.源解析结果显示不同行业工业废水排放和交通运输等人类活动和大气沉降是地表水中OPEs的来源.生态风险评估结果表明在黄河干流、小清河和支脉河中TCEP对水生生物具有高风险,磷酸正三丁酯(TnBP)和磷酸三苯酯(T...     

1980~2015年长江流域净人为氮输入与河流氮输出动态特征

为推进长江氮污染的精准防治,分析了 1980～2015年的净人为氮输入量(net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs,NANI)和大通站河流可溶性无机氮(DIN)输出通量的年际动态变化特征,构建了定量描述两者之间动态响应关系的多元回归模型,识别了河流DIN来源组成.结果表明,1980～2015年期间,长江流域NANI(以N计)从1980年的4 166 kg·(km2·a)-1持续增加至2015年的8 571 kg·(km2·a)-1,人口密度和畜禽养殖密度增加是NANI快速增加的主要原因.化肥氮和净食物/饲料氮输入是NANI的主要来源,69％的NANI进入农林地(NANIN),31％的NANI进入人居地(NANIP).长江DIN输出通量(以N计)由1980年的455 kg·(km2·a)-l持续增加到了 2015年的1 811 kg·(km2·a)-1.长江DIN输出通量的时间变化不仅与NANI及其组分密切相关,而且受到遗留氮库和建坝库容的影响.基于NANIN、NANIp和建库容量的多元非线性回归模型能解释长江DIN输出通量92％的时间变异性.该模型估算结果显示当年NANI、遗留氮库和自然背景源对长江DIN输出通量的36 a平均贡献率分别为58％、36％和6％.因此,加强NANI和遗留氮协同管理是有效控制长江氮污染的关键.     

生态空间定量识别及时空演变特征分析——以呼伦贝尔市为例

生态空间作为国土空间的重要组成部分,是人类生产和生活的基础。以内蒙古呼伦贝尔市为例,系统构建了综合生态空间重要性指数评价指标体系,进行生态空间的定量识别研究。并在此基础之上,对生态空间的动态演变特征进行分析,找寻研究区生态空间的时空分异规律。研究表明：（1）研究区生态空间重要性指数整体偏高,研究期间核心型和重要型生态空间占总面积的比例始终处于50%水平之上,且呈现逐渐上升的趋势。（2）研究区生态空间的综合活跃程度经历了一个逐渐变大的过程,其中2015—2018年生态空间的综合活跃程度尤为强烈。（3）核心型、重要型和非关键型生态空间的稳定性较好,并且各类生态空间都主要向着重要性指数较高的生态空间类型进行转换。（4）生态空间重要性变化具有明显的空间异质性,研究期间重要性持续处于较高水平的生态空间主要分布在中部大兴安岭林区和核心水体区,而重要性持续处于较低水平的生态空间主要分布在西部牧区和东部农区。     

Human factors analysis of China's confined space operation accidents from 2008 to 2018

In recent years, several accidents in confined spaces have threatened the safety of staff and property in industries. A statistical analysis of 120 fatal accidents involving confined space operations in China from 2008 to 2018 was conducted in this study. The causes and characteristics of confined space operations accidents (CSOAs) were summarized. Focusing on the impact of human factors on CSOAs, the HFACS-MCS (HFACS-Modified Confined Space Accident) model, which consists of 5 levels and 21 factors, was established based on HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System). The chi-square (χ2) test and the OR analysis were implemented to analyze the statistically significant correlations between adjacent levels in the model. Finally, three human influence paths in CSOAs were derived. The results show that inadequate safety culture, organizational process vulnerability, inadequate supervision, supervisory violations, decision errors, and operational violations are the principal causes of the accidents. Besides, hurried and ad hoc rescue often caused more casualties. The targeted pre-accident prevention and post-accident emergency rescue countermeasures are proposed to prevent the recurrence of CSOAs and secondary accidents.     

企业重大危险源的识别与控制

本文主要介绍企业开展重大危险源、事故隐患的辨识、评价、监控、预警、应急预案的理论和技术研究．以加快企业持续推动科学发展、安全发展的进程。     

天津盘山风景名胜区总体规划环境影响识别探讨

本文以天津盘山风景名胜区总体规划环境影响识别为例,分析规划本身对区域产业、社会、环保产生的直接影响,进而识别规划对资源环境要素产生的间接影响,并确定评价重点。     

HAZOP技术及其在恶臭气体处理装置的应用

危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)方法是工艺过程危险辨识的重要技术。在发达国家,HAZOP是装置危险辨识的通用技术,已经得到了广泛的应用和推广,近几年来HAZOP技术也逐渐在国内得到认识和应用。介绍了HAZOP分析技术的方法及HAZOP技术在辽化恶臭气体处理装置的应用。分析表明,HAZOP技术是最适于装置工艺过程危险性分析的技术,值得在国内加以推广应用。