我国城市污水厂延伸污泥处理与处置责任

探讨延伸城市污水处理厂的职能,使污泥的"生产者"承担起污泥处理和处置的环境责任,激励其全面关注进水有机物的最终无害化,将污泥处理以及最终处置(如土地填埋、焚烧或资源化等)的工程造价、运行费用以及相应的环境影响均纳入城市污水处理厂进行考虑,这样将对城市污水厂的环境管理观念带来革命性的变化。     

天津市蓟县经济开发区环境影响评价与规划

以天津市蓟县经济开发区区域环境质量现状调查和评价为基础,依据环保法规和标准,预测了区域环境的承载能力及区域开发建设对环境的影响,提出削减各种不利影响的措施和控制对策。通过对规化方案的优化分析,提出出有利于区域社会、经济与环境协调发展的战略对策及规划总体方案。     

城市大气污染物来源特征

以北京市为案例，介绍一种包括污染物排放清单建立、环境空气质量模拟及区域环境影响分析等方法在内的城市大气污染物来源特征分析的整体技术方法，从而确定城市大气污染物的排放分布及浓度分布特征、行业排放分担率及浓度贡献、地区排放分担率及浓度贡献以及区域污染对城市环境空气质量影响等多方面特征，为城市大气污染的控制决策提供必要的理论支持。对北京市的研究结果表明：对PM10，扬尘和工业为主要当地污染源；对SO2，采暖和工业为主要当地污染源；对NOx，交通和工业为主要当地污染源；对3种主要大气污染物，石景山、朝阳南等工业区以及老城区对北京市的大气环境造成重要影响，为需要优先控制的地区；北京市周边污染源对北京环境气质量有较大影响，其中RM10的影响最大(高达47．3％)，北京市应同时加强对局地污染与区域污染的控制。     

Generation of Priority Research Questions to Inform Conservation Policy and Management at a National Level

Abstract: Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource‐based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well‐being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada.     

Considering connections between Hollywood and biodiversity conservation

Cinema offers a substantial opportunity to share messages with a wide audience. However, there is little research or evidence about the potential benefits and risks of cinema for conservation. Given their global reach, cinematic representations could be important in raising awareness of conservation issues and species of concern, as well as encouraging greater audience engagement due to their heightened emotional impact on viewers. Yet there are also risks associated with increased exposure, including heightened visitor pressure to environmentally sensitive areas or changes to consumer demand for endangered species. Conservationists can better understand and engage with the film industry by studying the impact of movies on audience awareness and behavior, identifying measurable impacts on conservation outcomes, and engaging directly with the movie industry, for example, in an advisory capacity. This improved understanding and engagement can harness the industry's potential to enhance the positive impacts of movies featuring species, sites, and issues of conservation concern and to mitigate any negative effects. A robust evidence base for evaluating and planning these engagements, and for informing related policy and management decisions, needs to be built.     

Carbon isotope signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in precipitation and atmospheric CO2

This paper describes results of chemical and isotopic analysis of inorganic carbon species in the atmosphere and precipitation for the calendar year 2008 in Wroc?aw (SW Poland). Atmospheric air samples (collected weekly) and rainwater samples (collected after rain episodes) were analysed for CO₂ and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and for δ¹³C composition. The values obtained varied in the ranges: atmospheric CO₂: 337-448 ppm; δ¹³C_CO2 from −14.4 to −8.4‰; DIC in precipitation: 0.6-5.5 mg dm⁻³; δ¹³C_DIC from −22.2 to +0.2‰. No statistical correlation was observed between the concentration and δ¹³C value of atmospheric CO₂ and DIC in precipitation. These observations contradict the commonly held assumption that atmospheric CO₂ controls the DIC in precipitation. We infer that DIC is generated in ambient air temperatures, but from other sources than the measured atmospheric CO₂. The calculated isotopic composition of a hypothetical CO₂ source for DIC forming ranges from −31.4 to −11.0‰, showing significant seasonal variations accordingly to changing anthropogenic impact and atmospheric mixing processes.     

景观影响评价中"景观"的内涵和应用探讨

针对目前不同学科对于景观概念存在多种不同的解释,文章对环境影响评价中所基于的景观概念的内涵进行了探讨,指出了景观科学具有边缘性和开放性的特点。并根据目前中国景观影响评价的实际情况,提出了一些建议。     

雨季冲击条件下活性污泥呼吸图谱的变化

通过模型实验考察了雨季合流污水水量冲击以及冲击过后恢复初始状态过程中活性污泥的呼吸图谱变化规律。结果表明：雨季冲击下好氧池污泥浓度降幅较自、异养菌呼吸速率大;异养菌呼吸速率降幅较自养菌大。而COD去除率降幅小,NH4+-N去除率降幅大,与自养菌、异养菌呼吸速率的降幅不一致。表明异养菌虽受冲击影响较大,但因其所占污泥比例仍较大,COD处理的缓冲能力大;自养菌占污泥比例较小,虽受冲击的影响较小,但对NH4+-N处理的缓冲能力较小;另一方面,大雨冲击下自养菌呼吸比例上升10%,异养菌呼吸比例下降6%,表明在冲击过程中污泥中微生物结构有小幅变化。     

基于全生命周期方法的5种典型储能电池环境影响评价

当前锂电池和铅蓄电池占据储能电池97%的市场份额,本研究选取其中5种典型储能电池为对象,基于全生命周期评价方法,对它们的环境影响进行对比分析。综合考虑了电池容量和循环次数,以1 kWh能量传递为功能单元,利用CML-IA baseline方法,在全球变暖、人体毒性、酸化等8种环境影响指标上进行环境影响计算。结果表明： (1) 磷酸铁锂电池在7种指标上最优,其中,全球变暖为2.70×10⁻¹ kg CO₂ eq、人体毒性为1.43×10⁻¹ kg 1,4-DB eq、酸化为1.24×10⁻³ kg SO₂ eq;环境影响潜势从低到高分别为：磷酸铁锂、二次利用磷酸铁锂、三元锂、二次利用三元锂和铅蓄电池。 (2) 电池充放电效率的提高对于降低温室气体排放尤为关键,敏感性超过367%;而电池循环次数和规范回收率的作用相对有限,敏感性低于25%。 (3) 在2025、2035和2050年的电力结构下,5种电池都能减少31%、52%和72%以上的温室气体排放。综上,为促进储能行业的低碳化可持续发展,建议优先发展磷酸铁锂电池,加大对电池充放电效率提升的研发投入,推动电力结构的清洁化转型。