植物整治研究现状

植物在环境污染治理中有很大的潜力。本文介绍了植物整治的一般原理,综述了其在去除Ｃｄ２ ＋ ,Ｐｂ２＋ ,Ｈｇ ,Ｎｉ２ ＋ 等金属离子,富营养水体中的Ｎ、Ｐ 元素、有机废水治理中的研究现状,以及植物回收贵重金属的可能性。讨论了今后的研究方向：一是植物对重金属及其它污染物的耐受及解毒原理;二是选育高年生物量、耐受性强、根系发达的“超级植物”;三是优化工艺,提高综合效益     

Pup production,sex ratios,and survivorship in African wild dogs, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycaon pictus</Emphasis>

The local resource enhancement (LRE) model predicts that in cooperatively breeding species, sex ratios will be biased in favor of the more helpful sex. In this study, we assess the assumptions underlying the LRE model in a population of cooperatively breeding wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Northern Botswana monitored over a 15-year period. In this population, litter size and pup survival to 1 year are strongly affected by pack size and the breeding female’s age, but adult males have a stronger and more linear effect on females’ reproductive performance than do adult females. This asymmetry in the benefits derived from male and female helpers is reflected in male-biased sex ratios in litters at the time pups emerge from the den. Sex ratio biases are most pronounced in the litters of the youngest mothers who live in significantly smaller packs than older females. The presence of potential rivals for the dominant female’s position depresses pup production at the time of emergence, suggesting that competition among females for breeding positions may also contribute to the selective forces affecting birth sex ratios.     

Tug-of-war over reproduction in a cooperatively breeding cichlid

In group-living animals, dominants may suppress subordinate reproduction directly and indirectly, thereby skewing reproduction in their favour. In this study, we show experimentally that this ability (‘power’) is influenced by resource distribution and the body size difference between unrelated dominants and subordinates in the cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Reproduction was strongly skewed towards the dominant female, due to these females producing more and larger clutches and those clutches surviving egg eating better than those of subordinate females, but was not so when subordinates defended a patch. If breeding shelters were provided in two patches, subordinate females were more likely to exclusively defend a patch against the dominant female and breed, compared to when the same breeding resource was provided in one patch. Relatively large subordinate females were more likely to defend a patch and reproduce. Females also directly interfered with each other’s reproduction by eating the competitors’ eggs, at which dominants were more successful. Although dominant females benefited from subordinate females due to alloparental care and an increase in egg mass, they also showed costs due to reduced growth in the presence of subordinates. The results support the view that the dominant’s power to control subordinate reproduction determines reproductive partitioning, in agreement with the predictions from tug-of-war models of reproductive skew.     

碱催化H2O2氧化法预处理奶牛养殖废水的试验研究

采用碱催化H2O2氧化法对奶牛养殖废水进行预处理试验,研究了温度、pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间等参数对COD去除效果的影响,确定了反应最佳运行条件。试验结果表明,碱催化H2O2氧化法在pH7~12时,对COD的去除率为40%~60%;当反应温度50℃,pH值9,H2O2投加量2.72 g/L,反应时间20 min时,COD的去除率为66.3%。     

深圳农业面源污染与近岸水体富营养化关系研究Ⅰ.农业陆源排污分析

主要从深圳市农业对水体的陆源污染包括农田化肥流失和畜禽养殖业排污等污染源出发,通过对农业化肥施用量和施用强度、畜禽养殖业排污变化趋势分析,估算出二者各自污染物排放量,探讨其与深圳近海水体污染变化趋势间的关系。对相关数据分析表明:(1)深圳市农业化肥流失是深圳近海水体富营养化成因之一,其在1994年之后对近海水体污染程度加大;(2)深圳市畜禽养殖业排污是深圳近海水体富营养化主要成因之一,其在1997年之后对近海水体污染程度加大;(3)农业化肥流失和畜禽养殖业排污主要受农业用地面积、农业政策的影响。     

纤维素酶产生菌的选育及发酵条件优化

通过紫外线和化学诱变方法对一株纤维素酶产生菌--绿色木霉他进行了菌株选育,提高了产酶能力,变异株T211的CMCase和FPA分别达到19.17 IU/mL和1.94 IU/mL.进一步对其发酵条件进行研究,优化了培养基和培养条件.优化的培养基为:微晶纤维素10 g/L,麸皮10 g/L,蛋白胨0.4 g/L,尿素0.4 g/L,硫酸铵2.0 g/L,吐温-80 2.0 mL/L,其他同Mandel's营养盐液;培养条件包括温度、摇瓶装量、转速和接种量分别为:27～28℃、50 mL/250 mL、180 r/min和4%～6%.在上述条件下,CMCase达到25 IU/mL,FPA达到2.5 IU/mL.     

Do stress hormones suppress helper reproduction in the cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picoides borealis</Emphasis>)?

In the cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), male helpers are subordinate to male breeders and do not mate with females, even when unrelated to the breeding female within their group or through extra-group matings, yet exhibit reproductive hormone profiles similar to those of breeders. We investigated whether reproduction might be suppressed in helper males via high levels of the stress hormone corticosterone. We also examined effects of group size and season on corticosterone levels by comparing baseline and maximal plasma levels of corticosterone between helper males and breeding males, and among helper males and breeders of both sexes living in groups of different sizes throughout the reproductive cycle. We also measured plasma levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone to examine other potential hormonal differences between helpers and breeders. Male status did not explain variation in any hormones; therefore, our data do not support the hypothesis that helper males are reproductively suppressed via corticosterone or the other hormones investigated. However, the presence of two or more helper males in a group tended to reduce baseline corticosterone in breeding and helper males, but not breeding females, suggesting that helper males reduce parental effort of other male group members. Seasonally, maximal corticosterone peaked during the nestling provisioning phase for breeding and helper males, but not breeder females, suggesting that males show an increased response to stressors posing a potential threat to survival of offspring.     

Helpers and egg investment in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker: testing the concealed helper effects hypothesis

In cooperatively breeding acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), helper males have a large positive effect on fledging success in good acorn crop years but only a small positive effect in poor acorn crop years, while helper females exhibit the opposite pattern. Based on these findings, we tested the “concealed helper effects” hypothesis, which proposes that laying females reduce investment in eggs (with respect to their size, number, or quality) in a way that confounds helper effects and results in an absence of a relationship between helpers and breeding success. Results generally failed to support the hypothesis. Mean egg size was positively related to temperatures during the 10 days prior to egg-laying and negatively related to the food supply as indexed by the prior fall’s acorn crop, but there were no significant differences vis-à-vis helpers except for interactions with the acorn crop that only partly corresponded to those predicted. With respect to clutch size, females laid larger clutches when assisted by female helpers, opposite the pattern predicted. Although our results suggest that egg size is adjusted to particular ecological circumstances, we conclude that neither egg nor clutch size is adjusted in a way that confounds the apparent effects of helpers, as proposed by the concealed helper effects hypothesis.     

油菜的自交不亲和性和杂种优势育种

本文综述了油菜自交不亲和性的特征特性、遗传特点、分子机制、甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和性的选育方法、油菜自交不亲和性繁殖和油菜自交不亲和杂种优势利用途径与方法。