报废发射药降解菌种选育及降解特性

通过驯化富集培养,从长期受发射药污染的土壤中分离筛选出能以发射药为唯一碳源并具有较高降解能力的微生物混合菌群,混合菌群对发射药样品COD去除率最高可达75.6%。经进一步分离纯化,获得了5株优势菌。实验表明混合菌群的降解能力优于各单一菌种,应以混合菌群为目标菌种。混合菌群最佳降解温度为30～35℃,最佳pH值为7.0。...     

启东市畜禽养殖污染调查及防治对策思考

根据启东市第一次全国污染源普查数据,对启东市畜禽养殖污染的现状和成因进行了深入分析,并提出了对畜禽养殖污染防治的对策思考。     

微波诱导催化剂Fe2O3／沸石氧化处理印染废水

以自制改性沸石为催化剂,通过微波诱导氧化技术,对活性嫩黄模拟废水进行氧化处理。采用尿素均匀沉淀包裹法制备Fe2O3／沸石微波诱导催化剂。利用SEM、XRD、IR等分析手段分别对催化剂的表面形态、物相结构等特性进行表征。实验考察了催化剂用量、微波辐射时间、微波辐射功率对活性嫩黄废水的降解效果。结果表明：在催化剂用量3g／L、微波功率900W、辐射时间4min的条件下,对50mg／L活性嫩黄的处理率达到97％。     

畜禽养殖污染治理技术综述

随着畜禽养殖业的迅速发展,其产生的污染问题已成为我国环境保护的热点和难点问题。本文综述了传统养殖模式下污染物的治理方法,并重点介绍了一种新型的零排放养殖模式,可有效地防治养殖污染,并降低养殖成本,提高产品品质,该模式可扩大试点,并逐步推广。     

基于改进层次分析法的化工园区应急能力评估研究

本文采用诱导矩阵的方法对层次分析法进行改进,并将整个计算过程计算机程序化。再利用改进的层次分析法计算出化工园区应急能力各因素的权重。最后根据各因素权重以及各因素的打分情况得到园区的应急能力等级。结果表明：对改进的层次分析法程序化会提高分析速度和精度,并且通过各因素权重分析,对园区的应急能力的改善提出针对性建议。     

Siblicide in the cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae)

I describe siblicide in the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), a reverse size-dimorphic, cooperatively breeding kingfisher. Clutches were usually of three eggs, and nestlings hatched asynchronously, with intervals of 2–72 h between successive eggs. Siblicide occurred in two temporally and mechanistically distinct episodes. The youngest nestling died in one-third of all nests within days of hatching as a result of aggression from its elders. Kookaburra nestlings attacked each other using a hook on their upper beak – a rare example of a morphological specialisation for sibling rivalry. In one-fifth of all nests, the youngest nestling starved to death much later, without overt aggression, when nestling growth rates were highest. I examined the effects of food availability and competitive disparities between nestlings on the incidence of both types of siblicide. The probability of late, starvation-mediated mortality was negatively correlated with the number of male helpers. Early, aggressively mediated siblicide occurred in nests characterised by a suite of correlated variables that I call the ”kookaburra siblicide syndrome”: (1) no male helpers attended the nest, (2) the third-hatched nestling was much smaller than the second-hatched nestling, (3) the first and second nestling to hatch were male and female, respectively, and (4) there was a short hatch interval between the first two nestlings. The kookaburra siblicide syndrome variables could be inter-correlated if they were all related to the female’s condition at the onset of incubation. Females in poorer condition may be less likely to have male helpers, more likely to lay small third eggs, and more likely to hatch the first two eggs relatively synchronously because of nutritional constraints during the onset of incubation. These females may further promote siblicide by modifying the sexes of the first two nestlings. If a female hatches soon after an older but eventually smaller brother, dominance between the first two nestlings could be destabilised. I suggest this leads to escalated aggression in the nest and the death of the third nestling, which is least able to defend itself. Received: 17 December 1999 / Received in revised form: 8 May 2000 / Accepted: 20 May 2000     

Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in peroxynitrite/Fe(Ⅲ) porphyrin system

The peroxynitrite/porphyrin biomimetic system was established to investigate the effects of peroxynitrite on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolism. Through the comparison of three model systems consisting of different iron porphyrins, we found that the peroxynitrite/T(p-Cl)PPFeCl system showed the highest catalytic efficiency in the metabolism of B[a]P. We analyzed the B[a]P metabolites produced from this system by RP-HPLC method and firstly identified the formation of nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes which are the special metabolites of B[a]P induced by peroxynitrite.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

畜禽养殖户生态认知及行为决策研究——基于山东、安徽等6省养殖户的实地调研

食品安全及生态环境恶化问题日益成为社会广泛关注的焦点.而畜禽产业中的养殖环节更是同时关系着这两个焦点问题,尤其是养殖户的生产行为不仅决定着产品质量安全,更直接影响养殖区域的生态环境,与产品安全及环境保护息息相关.本文利用山东、安徽、湖北等6省271份调查数据,从养殖户生态认知角度出发,采用logistic模型,对养殖户生态行为决策影响因素进行了实证分析.结果显示:养殖户个人特征对其生态行为决策影响不大,而养殖户家庭年纯收入、养殖规模、是否参加养殖培训、是否进行过产品质量安全检测以及养殖户生态认知等5个因素对养殖户生态行为决策具有显著影响.这表明,为进一步规范养殖户生态行为决策,提高养殖户生态认知、加大农村技术培训以及加强政府对养殖者生产行为的监管尤为重要.     

瑞典畜禽养殖许可制度研究及其启示

我国畜禽养殖行业中的规模化养殖单位,养殖畜禽品类繁多且污染产生量巨大,而现行的排污许可证申请制度却无法起到畜禽养殖污染防治的效果。为制定更加具体的最佳可行技术标准,完善畜禽养殖行业排污许可证的申请与核发程序,故而通过域外比较瑞典相关立法规定提供参考。瑞典自其环境保护事业开展半个世纪以来,已经形成了由畜禽养殖许可证申请人提交环境影响报告,郡行政议事会同时参考畜禽养殖业最佳可行技术标准,审核资质并发放许可证的畜禽养殖许可制度体系。借鉴瑞典的立法经验,我国畜禽养殖业污染防治应以预防为主,并快相关专项立法的制定进程,以建立畜禽养殖行业排污许可综合管理制度。