气候变化对我国白枕鹤繁殖地分布的影响

基于白枕鹤(Grus vipio)在我国东北地区繁殖地分布数据,以温度、降水等数据作为预测的环境因子,利用最大熵模型(Maxent)预测白枕鹤在我国东北地区的繁殖地潜在分布。在此基础上耦合3种大气环流模型,同时结合2种气候情景,预测气候变化对我国东北白枕鹤繁殖地分布的影响。结果表明,在未来气候变化情景下,白枕鹤的繁殖地分布范围有减少趋势,且分布地区向北及向西移动。其中,A2情景变化程度大于B2情景,向北及向西移动的趋势更加明显,显示气候变化对白枕鹤繁殖地分布有显著影响。     

Association of reproductive traits with captive- versus wild-sourced birds in trade

The wildlife trade is a billion-dollar global business, involving millions of people, thousands of species, and hundreds of millions of individual organisms. Unravelling whether trade targets reproductively distinct species and whether this preference varies between captive- and wild-sourced species is a crucial question. We used a comprehensive list of all bird species traded, trade listings and records kept in compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and a suite of avian reproductive parameters to examine whether wildlife trade is associated with particular facets of life history and to examine the association between life-history traits and captive- and wild-sourced traded volumes over time. Across all trade, CITES listing, and CITES trade, large birds were more likely to be traded and listed, but their longevity and age at maturity were not associated with CITES listing or trade. We found species across almost the full range of trait values in both captive and wild trade between 2000 and 2020. Captive trade volumes clearly associated with relatively longer lived and early-maturing species; these associations remained stable and largely unchanged over time. Trait–volume associations in wild-sourced trade were more uncertain. Only body mass had a clear association, and it varied from negative to positive over time. Although reproductive traits were important in captive-sourced trade, species-level variation dominated trade, with even congeneric species varying greatly in volume despite similar traits. The collection and incorporation of trait data into sustainability assessments of captive breeding facilities are crucial to ensure accurate quotas and guard against laundering.     

Effects of forest fragmentation on avian breeding activity

Biodiversity declines and ecosystem decay follow forest fragmentation; initially, abundant species may become rare or be extirpated. Underlying mechanisms behind delayed extirpation of certain species following forest fragmentation are unknown. Species declines may be attributed to an inadequate number of breeding adults required to replace the population or decreased juvenile survival rate due to reduced recruitment or increased nest predation pressures. We used 10 years of avian banding data, 5 years before and 4 years after fragment isolation, from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, carried out near Manaus, Brazil, to investigate the breeding activity hypothesis that there is less breeding activity and fewer young after relative to before fragment isolation. We compared the capture rates of active breeding and young birds in 3 forest types (primary forest, fragment before isolation, and fragment after isolation) and the proportion of active breeding and young birds with all birds in each unique fragment type before and after isolation. We grouped all bird species by diet (insectivore or frugivore) and nesting strategy (open cup, cavity, or enclosed) to allow further comparisons among forest types. We found support for the breeding activity hypothesis in insectivorous and frugivorous birds (effect sizes 0.45 and 0.53, respectively) and in birds with open-cup and enclosed nesting strategies (effect sizes 0.56 and 0.44, respectively) such that on average there were more breeding birds in fragments before isolation relative to after isolation. A larger proportion of birds in the community were actively breeding before fragment isolation (72%) than after fragment isolation (11%). Unexpectedly, there was no significant decrease in the number of young birds after fragment isolation, although sample sizes for young were small (n = 43). This may have been due to sustained immigration of young birds to fragments after isolation. Together, our results provide some of the strongest evidence to date that avian breeding activity decreases in response to fragment isolation, which could be a fundamental mechanism contributing to ecosystem decay.     

原生质体融合技术选育高效菌株降解聚乙烯醇的研究

从自然界中分离得到4株能降解聚乙烯醇(PVA)的细菌,经紫外线诱变,得到两株具有单重抗药性的突变菌株S7(Str-,Kan+)和K15(Str+,Kan-),二者对PVA的去除率分别达到52%和58%。将S7和K15作为亲本菌株进行原生质体融合,并通过正交试验,对原生质体融合的条件进行优化,使融合率达到4.603×10-5。融合子F4菌株对PVA去除率达到79.9%,是原始菌株的两倍,将其培养成活性污泥后,PVA去除率可达87%,是普通活性污泥的3～4倍。     

长江三峡水库诱发地震问题的分析研究

三峡水库是长江干流上一个巨型水利工程,拟定坝高１８５ｍ,正常蓄水位１７５ｍ,防洪库容２２１．５０亿ｍ＾３。三峡工程涉及的地质问题很多,水库诱发地震是其中主要要研究的几个问题之一。本文按三峡库萄 地质条件,将三峡库区分为三个库段进行讨论并采用灰色系统理论聚类分析的方法,对其诱发地震的强度进行了预测,认为三峡水库诱发地震的最危险库段的庙河－奉节段,其强度可达５．０￣６．０级。     

Allocation of herbivory-induced hydroxamic acids in the wild wheat Triticum uniaristatum

Summary. We characterized the induction of hydroxamic acids (Hx) by aphid infestation in the wild wheat Triticum uniaristatum by addressing the following questions: i) Do different leaves have similar responses to aphid damage?, ii) Is the Hx induction localized or systemic?, iii) How long does the induction last?, and iv) Is the degree of damage related to the magnitude of induced Hx? Based on earlier results on this wheat/aphid system (lack of costs of Hx induction) we expected to find the plant exhibiting cost-saving patterns of response to herbivory. Aphid infestation in the primary leaf led to induced levels of Hx, but no differences in Hx levels were found after infestation of the secondary leaf. Induction of Hx was restricted to the infested leaf (primary leaf). Induced Hx levels exhibited by the primary leaf at the end of aphid infestation were not observed 2 days later. Finally, different aphid densities (between 10 and 40 aphids per leaf) did not produce significant differences in Hx levels in infested primary leaves. Characteristics of Hx induction by aphid infestation in T. uniaristatum partially support the expected cost-saving patterns in the allocation of induced defenses. Received 15 January 1997; accepted 7 July 1997.     

Systemically-induced response of cabbage plants against a specialist herbivore, Pieris brassicae

Summary. Plant responses to herbivory might directly affect the herbivore (“direct” defences) or might benefit the plant by promoting the effectiveness of natural antagonists of the herbivores (“indirect” defences). Brussels sprouts attacked by Pieris brassicae larvae release volatiles that attract a natural antagonist of the herbivores, the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, to the damaged plant. In a previous study, we observed that feeding by caterpillars on the lower leaves of the plant triggers the systemic release of volatiles detectable by the parasitoids from upper leaves of the same plant.?The role of these systemically induced volatiles as indirect defence and the dynamics of their emission were investigated in wind-tunnel dual choice tests with C. glomerata. The systemically induced emission of volatiles varied depending on leaf age and on plant age. Systemic induction affected parasitoid effectiveness, as induced plants could be more easily located by parasitoids than non-induced ones.?The role of the systemic induction as a direct defence was investigated through behavioural and feeding tests with P. brassicae. In dual choice assays, 1st instar larvae preferred to feed and fed more on systemically induced than on non-induced leaves. In single choice assays, the leaf area consumed by caterpillars was larger on systemically induced leaves than on non-induced control leaves. However, caterpillars fed on systemically induced leaves attained the same weight as those feeding on non-induced controls. In addition, P. brassicae pupae whose larvae were fed on systemically induced leaves had longer developmental times than those of larvae fed on non-induced leaves. Adult oviposition behavior was not influenced by systemic induction.?We conclude that systemically induced responses in cabbage might reduce P. brassicae fitness both directly, by affecting their development and feeding behavior and indirectly by making caterpillars and pupae more vulnerable to attack by carnivores. The occurrence of a possible relationship between direct and indirect defence is discussed. Received 24 January 2001; accepted 3 May 2001.     

基于光谱技术的土壤多参数快速检测进展与展望

传统的土壤采样和实验室分析方法往往工作量大、前处理复杂、测定周期长、时效差、费用高,因此,迫切需要寻找快速、准确的土壤多参数检测方法,以实现多尺度土壤属性数据的快速获取与更新。系统梳理了便携式X射线荧光光谱(PXRF)、可见光-近红外反射光谱(Vis-NIR)、激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)和电弧发射光谱(AES)等光谱技术的原理、特点以及在土壤多参数快速检测中的应用及其研究进展。提出,未来在提高现有土壤多参数光谱检测精度和适用性的基础上,应结合ICP-MS等传统实验室方法,综合应用多种光谱技术以及化学计量学、现代信息技术和空间分析技术等,实现区域多种土壤属性的快速获取与实时监测,以满足我国当前土壤多参数、高精度快速检测及土壤质量精细化管理的需要。     

诱导结晶工艺中诱晶载体的选择与改性

以含铜废水为处理对象,重点考察了诱晶载体的表面性质及表面负荷对诱导结晶过程的影响。结果表明,在工艺启动初期,白云石以及碱式碳酸铜为诱晶载体时,铜的去除率在90%以上,石英砂对铜的去除率较低,但石英砂经表面改性后对铜的去除效率亦可达90%以上。在运行稳定后,几类诱导载体对铜的去除率皆能稳定在95%,说明诱晶载体的表面性质对诱导结晶工艺的影响主要在于反应启动初期,选择与目标结晶产物结构、成分相同或相似的诱晶载体有利于诱导结晶过程的进行。此外,研究结果还表明,诱晶载体表面负荷对结晶过程影响较大,诱导结晶除铜工艺中载体表面负荷不宜高于0.054 g Cu/(m2.d)。     

内蒙古草地蝗虫生存与繁殖对气候变化的响应

在内蒙古典型草原区和荒漠草原区，形成了一些具有特殊生态适应性的蝗虫种群，这些种群随气候变化而消长。冬季低温对蝗卵的越冬不利，而入秋后寒潮或强冷空气出现日期的早晚，对蝗虫卵的威胁远远高于冬季低温的影响。春季如果出现一次性大于等于20mm的降雨，使0～20cm的土壤层水分含量剧增，则蝗卵容易发生霉烂而死亡。如果再出现强降温天气，对虫体更有致命的影响；相反，如果春季温度适宜，则降水就成为关键。春季降雨过少，既不利于蝗虫的破土出壳，又不利于出土蝗蝻取食，而在适宜温度范围内每旬有3～10mm的降水，则蝗卵发育最快，出土成虫率最高。蝗蝻至成虫期，最低温度的持续升高，更加接近蝗蝻生长所需的最适温度，此时蝗蝻遭遇致死温度的几率就越来越小。