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191.
在实验室条件下对新农药硫肟醚[o-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]在不同地区土壤中的降解动态进行了研究.结果表明,硫肟醚在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程.硫肟醚在非灭菌与灭菌长沙粉砂质黏土中的降解速率常数(k)分别为8.106×10-3和1.630×10-3,半衰期分别为85.5d和425.2d,微生物对硫肟醚在土壤中的降解具有显著的影响.硫肟醚在3种土壤中的降解速率大小依次为湖南永州重黏土>甘肃天水黏土>辽宁沈阳粉砂质黏土,其降解半衰期分别为46.1,63.8,70.0d,降解速率常数分别为1.503×10-2,1.087×10-2,9.904×10-3.根据国内农药在土壤中的残留期划分标准,硫肟醚属于较易降解类农药. 相似文献
192.
193.
九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中异养细菌抗药性研究 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
为了解鲍鱼养殖环境中异养细菌的抗药性,对自广东汕尾粤顺鲍鱼养殖场九孔鲍养殖环境及其肠道中的异养细菌进行了分离鉴定,并对所分离鉴定的菌株进行了四环素等16种抗生素的抗药性试验、结果表明,鲍鱼养殖水体的异养细菌主要由鞘氨醇单胞Sphingomonas paucimobilis、巴斯德氏菌属Pasteurella sp、莫拉氏菌属Moraxella sp、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp、弧菌属Vibrio minicus等9种组成;鲍鱼消化道异养细菌类群菌株则由鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas sp、气单胞菌属Aeromonas sp、黄杆菌属Flavobdcterium sp等7种组成。抗药性试验揭示,大多数异养菌菌株对四环素、青霉素G、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素和新生霉素均产生了抗药性,而对氟哌酸、红霉素、氯霉素以及环丙沙星等的抗药性则相对较弱。 相似文献
194.
195.
Humic substances 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Steinberg CE Meinelt T Timofeyev MA Bittner M Menzel R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(2):128-135
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Freshwater bodies which chemistry is dominated by dissolved humic substances (HS) seem to be the major type on Earth, due to huge non-calcareous geological formations in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. Based on the paradigm of the inertness of being organic, direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms are mostly neglected. However, dissolved organic carbon, the majority of which being HS, are natural environmental chemicals and should therefore directly interact with organisms. Major results that widened our perspective on humic substance ecology come from experiments with the compost nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which behaved contradictorily to textbook knowledge and provoked an in-depth re-consideration of some paradigms. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with organisms, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own ongoing studies. RESULTS: This review focuses on direct interactions of dissolved HS with freshwater organisms and disregards indirect effects, such as under-water light quenching. Instead we show with some macrophyte and algal species that HS adversely interfere with photosynthesis and growth, whereby closely related algal species show different response patterns. In addition to this, HS suppress cyanobacteria more than eukaryotic algae. Quinones in the HS appear to be the effective structure. Furthermore, HS can modulate the offspring numbers in the nematode C. elegans and cause feminization of fish and amphibians--they possess hormone-like properties. The ecological consequences of this potential remain obscure at present. HS also have the potential to act as chemical attractants as shown with C. elegans and exert a mild chemical stress upon aquatic organisms in many ways: induction of molecular chaperons (stress proteins), induction and modulation of biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they produce an oxidative stress with lipidperoxidation as one clear symptom or even stress defense strategy. Stronger chemical stresses by HS may even lead to teratogenic effects as shown with fish embryos; all physiological responses to HS-mediated stress require energy, which were compensated on the expense of yolk as shown with zebra fish embryos. One Finnish field survey supports the view of a strong chemical stress, as the weight yield in fish species decreases with increasing HS content in the lakes. DISCUSSION: HS exert a variety of stress symptoms in aquatic and compost organisms. According to current paradigms of ecotoxicology, these symptoms have to be considered adverse, because their compensation consumes energy which is deducted from the main metabolism. However, the nematode C. elegans looks actively for such stressful environments, and this behavior is only understandable in the light of new paradigms of aging mechanisms, particularly the Green Theory of Aging. In this respect, we discuss the mild HS-mediated stress to aquatic and compost organisms. New empirical findings with HS themselves and HS building blocks appear to be consistent with this emerging paradigm and show that the individual lifespan may be expanded. At present the ecological consequences of these findings remain obscure. However, a multiple-stress resistance may be acquired which improves the individual fitness in a fluctuating environment. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that dissolved HS have to be considered abiotic ecological driving forces, somewhat less obvious than temperature, nutrients, or light. PERSPECTIVES: The understanding of the ecological control by dissolved humic substances is still fragmentary and needs to be studied in more details. 相似文献
196.
利用GFP和抗性双类型标记监测联合固氮菌在玉米根际的定殖 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:9
将来自质粒pKRP10、pKRP11和pKRP12的氯霉素、卡那霉素和四环素抗性基因分别插入质粒GFPmut2中gfp基因下游的PstI位点,得到gfp和不同抗性基因共存的重组质粒,转化Enterobacter gergoviae 57-7野生型菌株和耐铵工程菌E7后,得到既有抗生素抗性又在蓝光下呈现亮绿荧光的菌株。用它们接种玉米后,利用这两种选择标记双重筛选重新分离到的细菌确定了接种菌在玉米幼苗 相似文献
197.
198.
植物重金属伤害及其抗性机理 总被引:196,自引:2,他引:196
讨论了二个问题:(1)重金属对植物伤害效应及伤害机理。其中包括重金属对植物细胞质膜透性,水分代谢、光合作用、呼吸作用、碳水化合物代谢、氮素代谢、核酸代谢、植物激素等生理生化过程,生境以及矿质营养的伤害效应,在伤害机理中讨论了植物体内原有的离子平衡系统,大分子物质活性和自由基与伤害的关系。(2)植物对重金属抗性及抗性机理。其中包括植物对重金属的抗性概念,例证,分类,抗性机理包括植物限制重金属离子吸收,重金属与体外分泌物结合,重金属的排除,根系富集,与细胞壁结合,在液泡中积累,形成类-金属硫蛋白或植物络合素,加强抗氧化系统等与植物抗性的关系,参85 相似文献
199.
水杨酸对小麦高盐毒害的缓解作用 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
以盐敏感品种中国春、农大85021和抗盐品种冬68、茶淀红等4个品种小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)为材料,研究盐分胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响以及水杨酸对盐害的缓解作用.结果表明,水杨酸能够相对提高盐分胁迫条件下小麦种子萌发的数量、速度和质量;提高幼苗根和叶内游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量,增强其渗透调节能力,同时提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,抑制膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低叶片质膜透性和盐分胁迫对细胞膜的伤害.所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐害,提高小麦抗盐性 相似文献
200.
长期不同施肥方式对江南稻田系统生产力与抗逆性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
依据29 a的田间施肥小区试验和4 a的养分耗竭盆栽试验,比较分析了不同施肥方式对江南丘陵稻田生产力及抗逆性的综合影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施(NPK+OM处理)方式下,双季稻各季和周年生产力最高,其周年平均生物量和籽粒产量比化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK处理)高24.5%和20.2%。与单施氮肥相比,化肥氮磷钾配施显著提高了双季稻的氮素利用效率,而适量增施有机氮能够进一步提高氮素利用效率。化肥单施方式(N和NPK处理)下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递减趋势,下降幅度分别为43.7和1.8 kg.hm-2.a-1,而有机无机肥配施方式下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递增趋势,上升幅度为6.9 kg.hm-2.a-1。平衡施肥方式(NPK和NPK+OM处理)下,水稻各季及周年籽粒产量的年际变异较小,可持续性产量指数和系统生产力稳定性较高。养分耗竭试验4 a后,各处理水稻各季及周年生物量和籽粒产量高低基本表现为NPK+OM>NPK>N,试验期内周年籽粒平均产量以有机无机肥配施处理最高,说明有机无机肥配施的稻田土壤耐瘠能力高于其他施肥处理。可见,有机无机肥配施不仅能使稻田系统持续保持较高的生产力,而且能够提升系统的抗逆性,有利于江南丘陵稻田系... 相似文献