煤尘爆炸性鉴定中瞬间火焰长度检测技术的研究

确定煤尘爆炸性质需要检测其燃烧瞬间的火焰长度,现有的大管状煤尘爆炸性鉴定系统以肉眼观察作为主要检测手段,存在测量精度差、重复性误差大以及人为干扰因素多等问题,提出将数字图像处理技术引入到煤尘爆炸性鉴定系统的方法即通过采用数字图像处理技术,对煤尘火焰图像进行预处理及图像分割与边缘检测后,得到最大火焰长度特征参数,并推导出煤尘爆炸的判断依据。     

化学品活性反应危险性表征方法研究

通过对国内外典型活性化学反应事故的研究,在传统和通用的化学反应危险性评价表征方法的基础上,提出使用化学反应的最大功密度表征化学反应热危险性的新方法。该方法将化学反应的热力学参数和动力学参数相结合,全面表征了反应过程的热危险性。采用加速量热仪模拟硝酸铵、过氧化氢,以及多种有机过氧化物的绝热反应放热情况,并运用测得的参数,计算得到其最大功密度,并与传统动力学计算方法得到的结果进行比较。根据对实验和计算结果的分析证明:利用最大功密度的方法评价化学反应的危险性更符合化学反应的实际情况,该方法为化学品安全生产提供可靠的技术支持。     

南宁市道路初期雨水径流污染物浓度分析

初期雨水污染是雨水径流污染的主要贡献者,掌握初期雨水的污染特征,对于城市雨水处理设施建设尤为重要。以南宁市为例,开展了城市初期雨水径流污染特性分析,旨在为南宁市海绵城市建设以及雨水处理措施提供参考。选取6个采样点的8场降雨,对常规水质指标(COD、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS)进行分析,揭示了降雨过程中污染物的瞬时浓度分布。结果表明:建成区污染物浓度范围和污染物平均水平均明显高于规划区;不同雨型下,雨水初期冲刷效果强弱顺序为暴雨>大雨>中雨>小雨;除小雨外,其他雨型在降雨20 min左右时污染物浓度达到平衡;暴雨情况下,污染物浓度在5 min内降低50%,15 min内70%~80%的污染物随雨水直排或进入城市管网。     

内河船舶大气污染物排放特征实测研究

为获得内河船舶航行时的大气污染物排放特征,本研究基于船舶尾气测试系统测试了珠三角西江水域内航行的5艘内河船舶,识别了内河船舶气态污染物瞬时排放特征及基于燃油消耗量的排放因子,并探讨了船舶排放的PM_(2.5)化学组分特征及来源.结果表明:船舶在巡航行驶状态下气态污染物的排放浓度变化都较为平稳,货船污染物排放浓度明显高于快艇.CO_2、CO、NO、NO_2、NO_x、SO_2与PM_(2.5)的排放因子范围分别是3135.90～3149.90、3.10～12.03、30.87～41.18、3.90～7.43、36.36～48.61、0.08～5.50、0.32～4.17 g·kg~(-1).内河船舶排放的PM_(2.5)中碳组分、水溶性离子和金属元素的贡献占比分别为43.8%～64.2%、9.7%～39.0%和0.6%～3.4%,其中,有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)比值范围为0.40～2.69,OC可能受船舶制动影响较大,润滑油损耗是重要来源.     

瞬时点源超标污染带的几何特征及面积最大值估计

探讨瞬时点源污染带几何特征，给出污染带中心位置，长度，宽度及面积等计算公式，并证明了当Ｃｍ＝Ｃ０ｃ时超标污染带面积达最大值Ｓｍ＝Ｍ／ｈＣ０ｅ，表明此值仅与污染物投放量Ｍ、扩散水深ｈ和预先给定的浓度Ｃ０有关。     

液氯储罐瞬时泄漏扩散质量浓度分布规律与中毒后果评价

液氯储罐一旦发生泄漏,容易在大气中快速扩散,其扩散速度受到泄漏量、外界风速等条件的影响。为了研究不同风速和泄漏量对氯气扩散规律的影响,分别在泄漏量为2 kg、5 kg,外界风速为2 m/s、5 m/s的条件下,采用Fluent软件模拟了氯气储罐瞬时泄漏后氯气质量浓度随时间的分布规律,并结合氯气的致死浓度,对氯气扩散区域最大质量浓度分布及其毒性致命损伤进行了分析。结果表明,氯气扩散初期,云团浓度较高,重气效应比较明显,随时间增加云团逐渐增大。泄漏量越大,氯气的扩散速度和致死区范围越大,毒性致命损伤时间越短;风速越大,致死区的影响距离越大,但致死区的影响时间大幅度缩短,能有效降低氯气的中毒危害。     

城市天然气管道泄漏的危害分析

城市天然气系统的管道化很大程度上便利了人们的生活,但与此同时管道泄漏也造成灾难性后果.采用高斯烟团扩散模型,对天然气管道瞬间泄漏的扩散行为进行模拟,计算出天然气管道泄漏后的最大危害距离,其结果可以为应急救援提供决策支持.     

AN ANALOG COMPUTER DEMONSTRATION OF DOUBLE-PEAKED INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPHS1

The properties of an instantaneous unit hydrograph model consisting of two cascades of linear reservoirs in parallel were explored with the aid of an analog computer. By proper choice of the model parameters it is possible to produce two-peaked instantaneous unit hydrographs. The relative magnitudes and locations of the two peaks can be varied by changing the values of the parameters. An example of the use of the analog computer to select the parameters of the model giving the best fit to an observed runoff hydrograph is also included. The analog computer used in the study was the ASTRAC II developed at the University of Arizona.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

改性沸石吸附废水中磷污染物的研究

采用改性沸石吸附废水中的磷污染物,经济高效无毒害,是一种优良的废水处理方法,对于解决磷污染问题具有重大的意义。采用4A沸石和改性4A沸石对含磷浓度为50 mg·L^-1的模拟废水进行吸附实验,研究了沸石用量、含磷浓度、反应温度、吸附时间以及pH对两种沸石吸附性能的影响。结果表明,两种沸石对磷的去除率都高达90%以上,并且改性4A沸石在沸石使用量较少,含磷浓度比较低,pH值比较高的情况下对磷的吸附效果比较好。