一起氨制冷系统管道断裂事故的原因分析

制冷系统的库房回气管道发生了断裂失效,断裂位置在环焊缝中心且断口平整,焊缝存在未焊透缺陷。管道采用管束整体发泡保温,增加了管道的刚性,不利于管道的位移补偿。通过对管道材质进行分析,化学成分和力学性能符合设计要求。对管道受力状态进行分析并进行应力计算,结果表明,管道焊接接头未焊透,削弱了焊接接头的承载能力。管道在"冷缩"时不能补偿而产生较大的拉应力,导致在管道强度薄弱的焊接接头处发生断裂失效。     

基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的无线闭塞中心风险评估*

为客观地对无线闭塞中心进行风险评估,建立基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的评估模型,根据故障树分析法识别的风险因子构建评估指标体系,采用博弈论思想对直觉模糊层次分析法计算的主观权重和熵权法计算的客观权重进行最优组合,进而确定综合权重。运用物元理论和证据理论确定各指标的风险等级和系统整体风险等级,并通过实例分析对评估模型进行对比验证。结果表明:无线闭塞中心整体风险等级为“可容许的”,与实际情况相符。其中,系统外部通信故障的风险等级为“不期望的”,需要对其相关设备加强风险控制。     

大型电信枢纽站空调室外机的噪声控制

大型电信枢纽站使用了大量的空调室外机 ,对城市环境造成了严重噪声污染。针对空调室外机的 3种不同布置方式 ,采取了不同噪声治理措施。结合噪声控制 ,合理组织气流 ,不仅有效地降低了噪声 ,而且改善了空调室外机工作环境。利用吸声吊顶 ,设计消声进风口 ,收到了事半功倍的成效     

用CBMN法评价4-氯酚与富里酸对CHO细胞的毒性效应

用ＣＨＯ细胞和ＣＢＭ法对４－ＣＰ（４－氯）及春ＦＡ协同作用的细胞毒性效应进行了评价,选用的细胞学毒性参数为总微核率（ＭＮ）、含微核的双核细胞率（ＢＮＭＮ）、核分鲜明指数（ＮＯＩ）和南分裂阻断增殖指数（ＣＢＰＩ）,结果表明：ＦＡ单独处理与阴性对照组比较不引起显著性差异;４－Ｃ客ＦＡ联合处理与４－ＣＰ各浓度分别处理相比有显著性的差异;对于ＢＮＭＮ和ＮＤＩ,Ｐ〈０．０１;对于ＭＮ和ＣＢＰＩ,Ｐ〈０．０５     

窗口火作用下建筑幕墙外保温系统防火性能的试验

建筑幕墙外保温系统火灾事故发生频率高,火灾危险性大,其防火安全性能已成为社会关注的焦点。采用大尺度实体火试验方法,选取具有代表性的金属幕墙保温系统和保温装饰板外保温系统作为试验对象,对防火隔离带和防火封堵位于墙体不同位置的4种工况,开展了一系列窗口火试验。通过采集试验表观现象、火焰蔓延特性、温度分布特性、系统损坏特征等耐火性能试验数据,综合比较分析了不同工况下不同燃烧性能等级的建筑幕墙外保温系统的耐火性能。结果表明,建筑幕墙上下贯通的空腔结构加剧了火蔓延的烟囱效应,存在较大的安全隐患。防火封堵可以阻断空腔中的热对流,防火隔离带可以阻隔材料之间的热传导,二者均可以有效抑制火焰在垂直和水平方向上的蔓延,大幅提高建筑幕墙外保温系统的防火性能。在建筑外墙窗口上方、水平线1及水平线2下方20 mm处分别设置宽度为100 mm的防火封堵和宽度为300 mm的防火隔离带时,系统具有较好的防火性能,综合考虑实际工程的应用性和经济性,可将其设为防火构造设计的基准参数。     

智能型防碰天车装置的安全可靠性分析

针对目前油田钻井现场使用的智能型防碰天车装置存在一些安全问题，分析了问题的实质是设计测量精度和安全可靠性不高。提出了具体改进设计的方案与意见。     

聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素分析

为了研究聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的问题,对比了3种火灾测试方法,分别是基于ISO 5660的小尺寸锥形量热计实验方法、基于ISO 9705的大尺寸实验方法和基于BS 8414的全尺寸实验方法。讨论了3种方法评测外墙保温系统火灾风险的适用性,进一步在比较分析热释放速率、临界热流强度、火蔓延情况、火灾行为以及实验后样品完整性等参数的基础上,得到了影响聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的关键因素。结果表明:虽然空腔的形成在此类系统火灾中不可避免,但系统保护层的严密性和完整性决定了空腔火蔓延的危险性以及聚苯乙烯在系统内的融化流动及燃烧特性。针对聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素,进一步给出了此类系统的防火措施。     

Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear

This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.     

A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear

The present European Standard for footwear testing (Standard No. EN 344:1992; European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1992) classifies footwear thermally by a temperature drop inside the footwear during 30 min at defined conditions. Today, other methods for footwear thermal testing are also available. The aim of this study was to compare EN 344:1992 with a thermal foot method. Six boots were tested according to both methods. Additional tests with modified standard tests were also carried out. The methods ranked the footwear in a similar way. However, the test according to standard EN 344:1992 is a pass-or-fail test, whereas data that is gained from the thermal foot method gives more information and allows further use in research and product development. A change of the present standard method is suggested.     

Effect of Sweating on Insulation of Footwear

The study aimed to find out the influence of sweating on footwear insulation with a thermal foot model. Simultaneously, the influence of applied weight (35 kg), sock, and steel toe cap were studied. Water to 3 sweat glands was supplied with a pump at the rate of 10 g/hr in total. Four models of boots with steel toe caps were tested. The same models were manufactured also without steel toe. Sweating reduced footwear insulation 19–25% (30–37% in toes). During static conditions, only a minimal amount of sweat evaporated from boots. Weight affected sole insulation: Reduction depended on compressibility of sole material. The influence of steel toe varied with insulation. The method of thermal foot model appears to be a practical tool for footwear evaluation.