建筑设备的减振与消声

针对当前高层建筑中建筑设备对环境造成的污染问题，综述了控制和消除噪声的技术措施，强调了在建筑设计中应注意的问题。     

石煤渣保温材料的配方研究

以石煤渣为主要原料研制应用于工业窑炉的保温材料，具有较高的耐压强度和使用温度，导热率低。本文通过分析各原料的主要作用，研究了不同原料掺量对材料性能的影响，从而得到了石煤渣保温材料合理的配方范围为：石煤渣４０％～６０％、可燃造孔物３０％～４０％、粘结剂１２％～２０％、外加剂０．１０％～０．２０％。     

SiO2气凝胶砂浆性能的优化研究

目的研究Si O_2气凝胶颗粒体积替换比在30%前提下砂浆性能的优化,提高其保温性能和环境适应性。方法采用正交实验的方法,通过向砂浆中添加纤维、引气剂和胶粉来改善砂浆的保温性能,并对比研究各掺杂比例对砂浆密度、力学性能、吸水率,尤其是对砂浆导热系数的影响。结果当纤维、引气剂和胶粉的掺量(质量分数)分别为0.2%,0.05%和1%时,导热系数达到最低,λ=0.3177 W/(m·K),此时,砂浆的密度为1751.6 kg/m3,抗压强度和抗折强度分别为13.4 MPa和8.02MPa,吸水率为7.19%,导热系数为0.3177 W/(m·K)。结论通过添加纤维、引气剂和胶粉,砂浆的性能得到一定程度的改善,其密度在较小的范围内变化,抗折强度提高较大,导热系数在一定范围内降低。     

公路交通噪声防治措施

随着交通运输业的发展及公路等级的不断提高,公路交通噪声越来越引起人们的关注,因此,解决公路交通噪声污染成为一个急待解决的问题,本文论述公路交通噪声造成的危害,并有针对性地提出降低公路交通噪声防治措施。     

Mitigation of CO2 Emissions from the EU-15 Building Stock. Beyond the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (9 pp)

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Goal Scope and Background. The European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings which came into force 16 December 2002 will be implemented in the legislation of Member States by 4 January 2006. In addition to the aim of improving the overall energy efficiency of new buildings, large existing buildings will become a target for improvement, as soon as they undergo significant renovation. The building sector is responsible for about 40% of Europe's total end energy consumption and hence this Directive is an important step for the European Union in order that it should reach the level of saving required by the Kyoto Agreement. In this the EU is committed to reduce CO2 emissions relative to the base year of 1990 by 8 per cent, by 2010. But what will be the impact of the new Directive, how large could be the impacts of extending the obligation for energy efficiency retrofitting towards smaller buildings? Can improvement of the insulation offset or reduce the growing energy consumption from the increasing installation of cooling installations? EURIMA, the European Insulation Manufacturers Association and EuroACE, the European Alliance of Companies for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, asked Ecofys to address these questions.

Methods

The effect of the EPB Directive on the emissions associated with the heating energy consumption of the total EU 15 building stock has been examined in a model calculation, using the Built Environment Analysis Model (BEAM), which was developed by Ecofys to investigate energy saving measures in the building stock. The great complexity of the EU-15 building stock had to be simplified by examining five standard buildings with eight insulation standards, which are assigned to building age and renovation status. Furthermore, three climatic regions (cold, moderate, warm) were distinguished for the calculation of the heating energy demand. This gave a basic 210 building types for which the heating energy demand and CO2 emissions from heating were calculated according to the principles of the European Norm EN 832.

Results and Discussion

The model calculations demonstrates that the main contributor to the total heating related CO2 emissions of 725 Mt/a from the EU building stock in 2002 is the residential sector (77%) while the remaining 23% originates from non-residential buildings. In the residential sector, single-family houses represent the largest group responsible for 60% of the total CO2 emissions equivalent to 435 Mt/a.

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- The technical potential: If all retrofit measures in the scope of the Directive were realised immediately for the complete residential and non-residential building stock the overall CO2 emission savings would add up to 82 Mt/a. An additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 69 Mt/a would be created if the scope of the Directive was extended to cover retrofit measures in multi-family dwellings (200-1000m2) and non-residential buildings smaller than 1000m2 used floor space. In addition including the large group of single-family dwellings would lead to a potential for additional CO2 emission reductions compared to the Directive of 316 Mt/a.

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- Temporal mobilization of the potential: Calculations based on the building stock as it develops over time with average retrofit rates demonstrated that regulations introduced following the EPB Directive result in a CO2 emissions decrease of 34 Mt/a by the year 2010 compared to the business as usual scenario. Extending the scope of the EPB Directive to all residential buildings (including single and multi-family dwellings), the CO2 emission savings potential over the 'business as usual' scenario could be doubled to 69 Mt/a in the year 2010. This creates an additional saving potential compared to the Directive of 36 Mt/a.

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- Cooling demand: The analysis demonstrated that in warm climatic zones the cooling demand can be reduced drastically by a combination of lowering the internal heat loads and by improved insulation. With the reduction of the heat loads to a moderate level the cooling demand, e.g. of a terraced house located in Madrid, can be reduced by an additional 85% if the insulation level is improved appropriately.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the European Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings will have a significant impact on the CO2 emissions of the European building stock. The main saving potential lies in insulation of the existing building stock. Beyond this, CO2 emissions could, however, be greatly reduced if the scope of the Directive were to be extended to include retrofit of smaller buildings.

Recommendation and Perspective

The reductions should be seen in relation to the remaining gap of 190 Mt CO2 eq. per annum between the current emission levels of EU-15 and the target under the Kyoto-Protocol for the year 2010. The energy and industrial sector will probably contribute only a fraction of this reduction via the newly established EU emissions trading scheme and connected projects under the flexible mechanism. In addition, the traffic sector is likely to continue its growth path leading to a widening of the gap. Thus, there is likely to be considerable pressure on the EU building sector to contribute to the EU climate targets beyond what will be achieved by means of the current EPB Directive. Legislators on the EU and national level are therefore advised to take accelerated actions to tap the very significant emission reduction potentials available in the EU building stock.     

提高矿石块矿率减少粉尘危害

介绍了通过降低炸药消耗,改善爆破效果,提高原矿合格率,减少粉矿率,降低粉尘对周边的危害。     

Synthesis of a block copolymer of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ethylene glycol) and its application to biodegradable polymer blends

A block copolymer {P[(R,S)-HB-b-EG]} of atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] {P[(R,S)-HB]} and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of -butyrolactone in the presence of a macroinitiator (PEG/ZnEt₂/H₂O) which had been produced by the reaction of ,-dihydroxy PEG ( _n=3000) with ZnEt₂/H₂O (1/0.6) catalyst. The block copolymer ( _n=10,500, _w/ _n=1.2) was an A-B-A triblock copolymer comprising atactic P[(R,S)-HB] (A) and PEG (B) segments. The miscibility, physical properties, and biodegradability of binary blends of microbial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] {P[(R)-HB]} with the block copolymer P[(R,S)-HB-b-EG] has been studied. The glass-transition temperature (T _g) data showed that the P[(R)-HB]/P[(R,S)-HB-b-EG] blend was miscible in the amorphous state. The P[(R)-HB] film became flexible and tough by means of blending with P[(R,S)-HB-b-EG] block copolymer. The enzymatic degradation of blend films was carried out at 37°C and pH 7.4 in a 0.1M phosphate solution of an extracellular PHB depolymerase fromAlcaligenes faecalis. The enzymatic degradation took place solely on the surface of the blend films.     

浅谈抗干扰技术在生产中的应用

通过分析工业生产中干扰的原因，找出了几种可行的解决办法，使测控系统工作可靠、安全，保证产品质量。     

用CBMN法评价饮用水处理流程中有机提取物的细胞毒性

利用ＣＨＯ细胞胞质分裂阻断微核（ＣＢＭＮ）法,对某自来水厂７个处理工艺流程水中的有机提取物的细胞毒性进行了评价。在实验剂量范围内,比较了各样品的含微核的双核细胞率（ＢＮＭＮ）、核分裂指数（ＮＤＩ）和胞质分裂阻断增殖指数（ＣＢＰＩ）,实验表明,源水加氯后比源水的细胞性增大,经机加池和煤砂滤池处理后的水样毒性较大,其中煤砂滤池水毒性最大,机加池水次之,经炭吸附后的水样比炭吸附前水样的毒性下降,管网水的     

噪声防治技术在化工装置中的研究应用

为了降低4500 Nm~3/a氢气联产10000 t/a甲醇装置的噪声及减少其对岗位员工和周边居民的影响,辽河油田公司油气工程技术处针对该装置噪声特点及其对员工的健康危害进行分析,采用吸声、隔声、缓声技术对该装置进行整治。治理后,该装置噪声值由97 dB(A)降至80 dB(A),符合GB Z1-2002《工业企业设计卫生标准》;同时,厂界噪声值低于65 dB(A),符合GB 12348-90《工业企业厂界噪声标准》第四类要求。