基于GA-BP的渗透系数多目标反演分析模型研究

针对渗透系数反演结果不唯一问题,以扬压力和渗流量2类渗流监测效应量为反演目标,建立了基于正交设计、有限元正分析和GA-BP相结合的渗透系数多目标反演分析模型。结合水口大坝2009—2018年渗流监测时间序列数据,开展了大坝坝体、坝基岩体渗透系数反演研究,并对反演结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:建立的渗透系数反演模型可较好地解决渗流单目标反演的缺陷,反演结果为绝对渗透系数,且反演结果真实可靠。     

四环素类抗生素对淡水绿藻的毒性作用

四环素类抗生素是目前世界上应用最为广泛的抗生素之一,也是我国畜禽养殖业中使用量最大的兽药和饲料添加剂.由于该类物质不易被生物体吸收且当前的污水处理设施对抗生素不能彻底去除,故大量抗生素及其代谢产物最终进入地表水环境,其对水生态系统和人体健康的潜在威胁值得关注.本研究以水生态系统初级生产者淡水绿藻为受试生物,系统考察四环素、金霉素和强力霉素对蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻细胞膜通透性和生长抑制作用的影响.结果表明,抗生素暴露96 h后,强力霉素在整个作用浓度范围内使供试淡水绿藻细胞膜通透性降低;而金霉素和四环素低浓度暴露可以增大藻细胞膜通透性,此后随着作用浓度的增大转为降低.3种抗生素对淡水绿藻生长抑制率大致呈现强力霉素>四环素>金霉素的顺序趋势.斜生栅藻对四环素类抗生素的毒性响应较蛋白核小球藻更为敏感.     

Estimation of primary drainage three-phase relative permeability for organic liquid transport in the vadose zone

The modeling of transport of organic liquid contaminants through the vadose zone often requires three-phase relative permeabilities. Since these are difficult to measure, predictive models are usually used. The objective of this study is to assess the ability of eight common models to predict the drainage relative permeability to oil in a three-phase system (water-oil-air). A comparison of the models' estimates using data set from Oak [Oak, M.J., 1990. Three-phase relative permeability of water-wet Berea. In: Seventh Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Paper SPE/Doe 20183. Tulsa, OK, April 22-25] showed that they provide very different predictions for the same system. The goodness of the models does not increase with the amount of data or computation that the models require. Also, the calculations showed how different interpretations of the models and of the terminology associated with them can significantly impact the predictions. Thus, considerable error may be introduced into the simulations of organic liquid transport in the vadose zone depending on the selection and interpretation of the three-phase relative permeability model.     

低透气性煤层点式酸化压裂增透技术研究与应用*

为解决富含矿物质煤层透气性问题,基于点式压裂和酸液增透煤体机制,提出点式酸化压裂增透技术,通过扫描电镜试验确定适合三元煤矿酸液配比体系。结果表明:点式酸化压裂钻孔组平均抽采瓦斯流量和浓度是普通钻孔组的3.65,1.72倍,是点式水力压裂钻孔组的1.32,1.06倍;点式酸化压裂增透效果明显优于点式水力压裂;且其增透煤体起裂压力和同等条件下注液量均低于点式水力压裂,点式酸化压裂实现煤体定点、低流量、大范围、快速增透,通过将物理增透与化学增透相结合,可有效提高煤体孔隙-裂隙结构发育程度和整体连通性,有助于煤体中瓦斯运移,提高采收率。     

透气性及低温处理对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响

用3种封口材料和4种低温处理及2种处理相结合，研究了透气性及低温处理时间对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响．结果表明，大球盖菇菌丝生长需要良好的透气性，同一培养料和最佳湿度情况下，采用具有良好透气性的封口物，能显著地加快大球盖菇菌丝生长速度，在25℃恒温培养条件下，用双层报纸或纤维棉封口的菌丝生长速度分别是双层聚丙烯薄膜封口菌丝生长速度的1．59倍和1．55倍；低温处理显著降低大球盖菇菌丝生长速度；透气性和低温处理因素相比较，透气性对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响更明显．表3参5     

构建限制性条件下微生物群体生长模型时的问题

Logistic生长模型在表征营养限制性生长条件下微生物群体生长时,遇到了种种困难．该模型未能明确给出微生物群体生长的“延迟期”和“代时”两个重要生长动力学参数,也忽视了方程中参数“r”应为平均生长速率,且不具有内禀生长率性质等诸多生物学特点．采用E．coli ATCC31343,37℃液体摇瓶培养下获得的实验数据,证实了Logistic模型存在的上述局限性．通过对E．coli以葡萄糖和山梨醇共作碳源时,表现出的“二峰生长”曲线与用Logistic方程拟合结果的比较,表明适合度分析（goodness—fit test）不能作为模型是否适合的唯一判据．并对构建微生物群体生长模型的策略进行了讨论．图5参31     

电仪ITPM提升大型石油炼化企业生产过程本质安全的实践

为适应大型石油炼化企业长周期高负荷运行和绩效提升、安全环保要求,提前发现并消除因电气和仪表设备超期服役、老化及性能不稳、下降等易导致安全风险的潜在因素,通过构建并实施科学、合理的电仪ITPM(设备预防性维修管理体系),及时消除电气和仪表缺陷,避免因电仪原因导致装置非计划停车、波动及安全环保事故的发生,提高电仪设备的可靠性和稳定性,确保大型石油炼化企业生产过程的本质安全。     

河道淤泥的有效利用方式及其物性探讨

对河道淤泥再生资源化利用的可能性及方式进行了探讨。在室内试验的基础上，评价了处理后的河道淤泥作为填上材料使用时的基本工程性质，为促进河道淤泥的再生资源化利用和保护环境提供了必要的依据。     

Green chemistry

A grand challenge facing government, industry, and academia in the relationship of our technological society to the environment is reinventing the use of materials. To address this challenge, collaboration from an interdisciplinary group of stakeholders will be necessary. Traditionally, the approach to risk management of materials and chemicals has been through inerventions intended to reduce exposure to materials that are hazardous to health and the environment. In 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act encouraged a new tact-elimination of hazards at the source. An emerging approach to this grand challenge seeks to embed the diverse set of environmental perspectives and interests in the everyday practice of the people most responsible for using and creating new materials—chemists. The approach, which has come to be known as Green Chemistry, intends to eliminate intrinsic hazard itself, rather than focusing on reducing risk by minimizing exposure. This chapter addresses the representation of downstream environmental stakeholder interests in the upstream everyday practice that is reinventing chemistry and its material inputs, products, and waste as described in the “12 Principles of Green Chemistry”.     

温度对平流层飞艇囊体材料渗漏性能的影响

目的对飞艇囊体材料的渗漏特性进行研究,以预测飞艇设计是否满足需求。方法采用细观力学有限元方法,通过微裂纹密度以及平均裂纹开口大小求解氦气渗漏路径的横截面积,进而预报飞艇囊体的初始渗漏速率,并计算昼夜循环温度下飞艇囊体的渗漏速率及压力变化情况。结果昼夜循环的温度变化导致飞艇内外压差、氦气渗漏速率均发生变化,且均与温度呈正相关。结论该方法能够预报平流层飞艇的极限驻空时长,并为平流层飞艇的设计提供技术支持。