XDLVO理论解析有机物和钙离子对纳滤膜生物污染的影响

为了揭示有机物和Ca2+浓度对纳滤膜生物污染的影响机制,选用铜绿假单胞菌(PA)为模式菌株,海藻酸钠(SA)、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和腐殖酸(HA)为典型废水有机物,采用extended derjaguin–landau–verwey–overbeek(XDLVO)理论定量解析了不同进水条件下膜预处理和生物污染过程的界面相互作用.结果表明,Ca2+浓度为5mmol/L时,SA预处理后膜面亲水性最强,粘聚自由能高达42.96mJ/m2,与PA、SA的界面自由能最高,分别为45.85和39.64mJ/m2,抑制膜的生物污染.而Ca2+浓度为2mmol/L时,BSA预处理后膜面疏水性最强,粘聚自由能低至–40.32mJ/m2,与PA、BSA的界面自由能最低,分别为3.49和–26.36mJ/m2,促进膜的生物污染.所有污染过程中,范德华作用能差异较小,而静电作用能绝对值极小,贡献微弱,有机物和Ca2+浓度对膜生物污染的影响主要体现在对疏水作用能的影响.     

HCPA-UF-MBR组合工艺处理低温高色高氨氮水源水研究

将高浓度纯化凹凸棒土(HCPA)投加至UF-MBR中,形成HCPA-UF-MBR组合工艺,研究HCPA-UF-MBR、UF-MBR两平行系统对低温高色高氨氮水源水的除污效果、反应器内活性污泥性能及膜污染情况,考察HCPA的作用机理与效能.结果表明,HCPA-UF-MBR对色度、CODMn、NH -N、TN的平均去除率为94.60%、81.61%、98.44%、58.30%,出水NO -N、NO -N浓度均较低;HCPA投加后,UF-MBR的除污效果与抗冲击负荷能力增强,污泥总活性与硝化活性分别提高了9.09%、105.88%,反应器达到稳定时间短且波动小,内部活性污泥硝化反硝化过程更充分;此外,HCPA吸附混合液中部分有机物,改善了污泥混合液性能,使膜表面滤饼层较疏松且透水性较好,有效地减轻了膜污染程度.     

常温厌氧MBR中微生物群落结构与膜污染研究

为考察微生物群落结构与膜污染的关系,在常温下运行厌氧膜生物反应器,并应用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术,对膜丝表面微生物群落结构变化进行了研究,同时考察了微生物群落结构变化与反应器中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)、胞外聚合物(EPS)的关系.结果表明:在常温状态下膜污染周期约为18d,CODCr的去除率约为93%,运行效果稳定;微生物代谢产物的浓度随着微生物种群的演替呈逐渐升高的趋势,加速了膜污染进程;膜压(pTM)处于缓慢上升期时,膜丝表面微生物优势菌群为Raoultella、Owenweeksia hongkongensis,膜压(pTM)处于稳定上升期时,膜丝表面的优势菌群演替为 Delftia acidovorans、Halothiobacillus neapolitanus,最后当膜压(pTM)处于快速上升期时,bp78的微生物成为了膜丝表面的顶级群落.膜压(pTM)处于缓慢上升期和稳定上升期时,膜压(pTM)与微生物群落结构的多样性呈显著正相关;膜污染进入快速上升期时,膜丝表面出现了顶级群落,此时微生物群落多样性明显降低且与膜压升高呈弱相关;膜丝表面微生物群落均匀度随着膜压(pTM)的升高呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,膜丝表面微生物群落经历了不断附着,相互竞争至顶级群落出现的演替过程.     

氧化/膜过滤工艺处理屠宰废水研究

研究了二氧化氯(Cl O2)氧化/陶瓷超滤膜过滤工艺对屠宰废水的处理效果,对比不同Cl O2投加量、反冲条件(反冲周期、反冲时间等)对产水指标的影响,确定适宜参数。结果表明:其他条件相同,Cl O2投加量140 mg/L时,氧化单元COD去除率较高;反冲周期50 min、反冲时间50 s时渗透通量恢复较好,陶瓷膜装置运行效果最优,COD和浊度的总去除率分别达93.6%、95.8%,产水水质可达标排放,且运行总成本较低,有较好的工业推广前景。     

覆膜滤料特性实验研究

覆膜滤料是降低微细颗粒物排放,降低大气环境中PM2．5浓度源头的净化技术之一。对氟美斯（FMS ）针刺毡为基布覆膜滤料,进行了表面微观结构电镜扫描,同时,进行了这种滤料的阻力实验测试和分级效率测试。表面电镜扫描结果显示,覆膜呈微孔且直径为0．5μm左右的多层铰链结构。实验结果表明,覆膜滤料周期性清灰后阻力为1200 Pa ,万次老化实验后覆膜滤料阻力是1163．3 Pa;在过滤风速为1．4 m／min时,滤料对PM2．5的过滤效率高于99％。实验结果对使用覆膜滤料的布袋除尘器设计具有一定指导意义。     

预涂膜工艺应用于超滤膜系统

为提高超滤膜系统对污水处理厂二级出水中有机物和TN的去除效果,并降低超滤膜污染速率,改善超滤膜性能,分析了沸石粉、硅藻土2种预涂膜工艺在超滤膜系统中的应用效果. 结果表明:沸石粉/超滤工艺对超滤膜系统的膜通量恢复良好,反冲洗后能恢复到原来的膜通量;而硅藻土/超滤工艺中膜通量较初期下降0.01 L/(m2·h),对照组下降0.04 L/(m2·h). 沸石粉/超滤工艺对污水处理厂二级出水中COD_Cr、UV₂₅₄和TN的去除率分别为17.5%、13.5%和11.7%,相比对照组均有较大程度提高. 通过电镜扫描分析发现,沸石粉能够在超滤膜表面有效形成一层保护膜,降低有机物在膜表面的沉积,保障膜系统的高效率及长期稳定运行. 通过比较各实际运行工况效果并进行筛选,确定沸石粉为预涂膜工艺的最佳材料.      

膜分离技术在环境分析中的应用

膜分离技术在环境分析中起着十分重要的作用。本文对滤膜分离、渗透汽化膜、渗析法、电渗析法、液膜分离等分离技术在水、土、气和生物样品中阴离子、阳离子、金属元素、有机物、生物毒素等指标检测的应用进行了深入介绍。     

不同pH值下腐殖酸反渗透膜污染中的界面相互作用解析

应用extended derjaguin-landau-verwey-overbeek (扩展DLVO) 理论评价不同pH值下范德华力、静电力、疏水性力3种界面相互作用对腐殖酸反渗透(reverse osmosis, RO)膜污染的贡献,探究pH值影响腐殖酸RO膜污染的主控机制.对3种常规RO膜的理论分析结果表明,静电力对腐殖酸RO膜污染的贡献很小,范德华力使膜污染加剧;疏水性力会减缓膜污染.与前期粘附阶段相比,后期粘聚阶段中范德华力的贡献有所增大,疏水性力在2个污染阶段中均起主导作用.膜污染随pH值的降低而加重,疏水性力作用能的改变是pH值影响系统界面自由能的主控机制.相应pH值下3种RO膜过滤实验数据及其相关性分析结果表明,扩展DLVO理论能定量评价3种界面相互作用的贡献,界面自由能和膜污染之间有很好的相关关系,RO膜纯水接触角的数值不宜作为评价膜污染的指标.     

Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification. The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitrate- containing influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution; the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source. The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Relative to the single dose of external ethanol, the two-dose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of NO3--N and ethanol (as measured by total organic carbon) of the effluent. The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m^-2·h^-1 for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study. The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.     

Nitrifying population dynamics in a redox stratified membrane biofilm reactor (RSMBR) for treating ammonium-rich wastewater

Nitrogen removal performance and nitrifying population dynamics were investigated in a redox stratified membrane biofilm reactor (RSMBR) under oxygen limited condition to treat ammonium-rich wastewater. When the NH4+-N loading rate increased from 11.1±1.0 to 37.2±3.2 gNH4+-N·m-2·d-1, the nitrogen removal in the RSMBR system increased from 18.0±9.6 mgN·d^-1 to 128.9±61.7 mgN·d^-1. Shortcut nitrogen removal was achieved with nitrite accumulation of about 22.3±5.3 mgNO2--N·L-1. Confocal micrographs showed the stratified distributions of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the membrane aerated biofilms (MABs) at day 120, i.e., ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB) were dominant in the region adjacent to the membrane, while heterotrophic bacteria propagated at the top of the biofilm. Real-time qPCR results showed that the abundance of amoA gene was two orders of magnitude higher than the abundance of nxrA gene in the MABs. However, the nxrA gene was always detected during the operation time, which indicates the difficulty of complete washout of NOB in MABs. The growth of heterotrophic bacteria compromised the dominance of nitrifiers in biofilm communities, but it enhanced the denitrification performance of the RSMBR system. Applying a high ammonia loading together with oxygen limitation was found to be an effective way to start nitrite accumulation in MABs, but other approaches were needed to sustain or improve the extent of nitritation in nitrogen conversion in MABs.