Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of benzene series compounds by mixed cultures based on optional electronic acceptors

A series of batch experiments were performed using mixed bacterial consortia to investigate biodegradation performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers （BTEX） under nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reducing conditions. The results showed that toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene could be degraded independently by the mixed cultures coupled to nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reduction. Under ferric iron reducing conditions the biodegradation of benzene and p-xylene could be occurred only in the presence of other alkylbenzenes. Alkylbenzenes can serve as the primary subs＇rates to stimulate the transformation of benzene and p-xylene under anaerobic conditions. Benzene and p-xylene are more toxic than toluene and ethylbenzene, under the three terminal electron acceptors conditions, the degradation rates decreased with toluene 〉 ethylbenzene 〉 m-xylene 〉 o-xylene〉 benzene 〉 p- xylene. Nitrate was a more favorable electron acceptor compared to sulfate and ferric iron. The ratio between sulfate consumed and the loss of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene was 4.44, 4.51, 4.42, 4.32, 4.37 and 4.23, respectively; the ratio between nitrate consumed and the loss of these substrates was 7.53, 6.24, 6.49, 7.28, 7.81, 7.61, respectively; the ratio between the consumption of ferric iron and the loss of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene was 17.99, 18.04, 18.07, 17.97, respectively.     

Effect of Sb dopant amount on the structure and electrocatalytic capability of Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes in the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol

Ti/Sb-SnO_2 anodes were prepared by thermal decomposition to examine the influence',of the amount of Sb dopant on the structure and electrocatalytic capability of the electrodes in the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol.The physicochemical properties of the Sb-SnO_2 coating were markedly influenced by different amounts of Sb dopant.The electrodes,which contained 5% Sb dopant in the coating, presented a much more homogenous surface and much smaller mud-cracks,compared with Ti/Sb-SnO_2 electrodes containing 10% or 15% Sb dopant,which exibited larger mud cracks and pores on the surface.However,the main microstructure remained unchanged with the addition of the Sb dopant.No new crystal phase was observed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol on the Ti/SnO_2 electrode with 5% Sb dopant was inclined to electrochemical combustion;while for those containing more Sb dopant,intermediate species were accumulated.The electrodes with 5% Sb dopant showed the highest efficiency in the bulk electrolysis of 4-chlorophenol at a current density of 20 mA/cm~2 for 180 min;and the removal rates of 4-chlorophenol and COD were 51.0% and 48.9%,respectively.     

Suwannee河黄腐酸光化学生成溶解无机碳的研究

用模拟太阳光照射Suwannee河黄腐酸以模拟光氧化过程,研究了溶解氧浓度、模拟太阳光波长范围和铁浓度对溶解无机碳产量的影响.结果表明,氧气饱和样品的溶解无机碳生成速率比空气饱和条件下(3.32 μmol/(L·h))增加了40.1%(以照射过程中线性回归的生成速率计算); 实验以Mylar-D、有机玻璃UF-3和有机玻璃UF-4为滤光片研究了波长范围对溶解无机碳产量的影响,近似计算的结果表明UV-B、UV-A 和可见光部分分别占全波段模拟太阳光光化学生成无机碳产量的43%、42% 和 15%; 当样品铁浓度达到10 μmol/L时,其溶解无机碳的生成速率约为初始样品(Suwannee河黄腐酸铁浓度为1.90 μmol/L)的2.8倍,证实了铁在光化学氧化过程中的催化作用.     

Channel flow and trichloroethylene treatment in a partly iron-filled fracture: experimental and model results

Technical developments have now made it possible to emplace granular zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) in fractured media to create a Fe(0) fracture reactive barrier (Fe(0) FRB) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water was flushed through a single uniform fracture created between two sandstone blocks. This fracture was partly filled with what was intended to be a uniform thickness of iron. Partial treatment of TCE by iron demonstrated that the concept of a Fe(0) FRB is practical, but was less than anticipated for an iron layer of uniform thickness. When the experiment was disassembled, evidence of discrete channelised flow was noted and attributed to imperfect placement of the iron. To evaluate the effect of the channel flow, an explicit Channel Model was developed that simplifies this complex flow regime into a conceptualised set of uniform and parallel channels. The mathematical representation of this conceptualisation directly accounts for (i) flow channels and immobile fluid arising from the non-uniform iron placement, (ii) mass transfer from the open fracture to iron and immobile fluid regions, and (iii) degradation in the iron regions. A favourable comparison between laboratory data and the results from the developed mathematical model suggests that the model is capable of representing TCE degradation in fractures with non-uniform iron placement. In order to apply this Channel Model concept to a Fe(0) FRB system, a simplified, or implicit, Lumped Channel Model was developed where the physical and chemical processes in the iron layer and immobile fluid regions are captured by a first-order lumped rate parameter. The performance of this Lumped Channel Model was compared to laboratory data, and benchmarked against the Channel Model. The advantages of the Lumped Channel Model are that the degradation of TCE in the system is represented by a first-order parameter that can be used directly in readily available numerical simulators.     

钯/铁双金属对六氯乙烷的催化还原脱氯

用钯／铁双金属对水溶液中的六氯乙烷（HCE）进行催化还原脱氯,考察了各种因素对脱氯效果的影响。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境、饱和HCE溶液体积80mL、钯与铁质量比0．03％、钯／铁双金属质量3g、反应时间130min的条件下,脱氯率可达98．8％。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对HCE及其脱氯产物进行分析,结果表明,HCE的脱氯中间产物主要是四氯乙烯,四氯乙烯进一步脱氯的中间产物未检出。     

Ca(OH)2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb2+废水

采用Ca（OH）2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb^2＋废水。考察了Ca（OH）2加入量、高岭土加入量、FeCl3加入量、废水pH、搅拌转速、沉淀时间等因素对Pb^2＋去除率的影响。在Ca（OH）2加入量50mg／L、高岭土加入量90mg／L、FeCl3加入量13．2mg／L、废水pH7．0～8．0、搅拌转速170r／min、沉淀时间90min的条件下,该法可将废水中金属离子（包括Pb^2＋及少量的Zn^2＋,Cu^2＋,Cr^3＋,Ni^2＋）的质量浓度由42．4mg／L降至1．0mg／L以下,达到了GB18918--2002〈《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》。     

镀铜铁内电解预处理含酚废水的研究

采用镀铜铁内电解法对焦化含酚废水进行预处理,其酚类去除率比传统的铁炭内电解、铁铜内电解高,60min去除率可达71.45%。探讨了pH值、镀铜量、镀铜铁的投加量以及处理时间对处理效果的影响。连续进水小试试验出水水质稳定,酚类去除率在50%左右,不会引起板结问题。     

零价铁表面积对泥浆反应体系中硝基苯降解行为的影响

硝基苯能够被零价铁还原成为苯胺. 利用气相色谱分析方法,研究了泥浆体系中零价铁表面积对硝基苯污染底质降解行为的影响. 结果表明,在沉积物中初始w(硝基苯)为8.87 μg/g,按照3.27 g/L最佳比例投加还原铁粉,经2 h反应约有97%的硝基苯被降解;其还原机理为表面接触反应,铁粉总表面积是影响硝基苯降解的主要参数;沉积物中硝基苯降解速率常数(K)和残留量(y)与单位体积泥浆中零价铁总表面积(ρ_a)之间表现为线性和负指数相关性,其关系式分别为:K0.006　5+5.165　87×10－4ρ_a和y8.57exp(-ρ_a/7.66)+0.25;零价铁还原硝基苯的降解过程,其降解动力学符合准一级方程,并且通过SEM扫描电镜发现零价铁在反应过程中表面被严重腐蚀,颗粒组成发生明显改变.