Copper fractal growth during recycling from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis

• Copper fractal growth was observed during WPCBs recycling by slurry electrolysis. • Dendrites fractal growth could be controlled by additive during electrodeposition. • Additive was proved to be an effective way to refine the copper crystal. • These findings contribute to enrich the study of slurry electrolysis. Superfine copper particles could be directly prepared from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis. Meanwhile, copper fractal growth could be observed. To better understand this phenomenon, the factors that affect copper dendrites in a point-cathode system were discussed in detail. These results showed that the fractal degree of copper dendrites increased as the increase of applied voltage and the decrease of copper sulfate and gelatin concentrations. Sodium lauryl sulfate and hydrochloric acid concentrations could not significantly impact the fractal degree of copper dendrites, while gelatin concentration could. The minimum copper fractal dimension was 1.069 when gelatin and copper sulfate concentration was 120 mg/L and 0.1 mol/L, respectively with an applied voltage of 11 V. Moreover, the results diffusion-limited aggregation model demonstrated that particle translational speed, particle numbers and binding probability significantly affected copper dendrite patterns. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the three additives greatly affected the refinement of the copper crystal. These findings contribute to enrich the theoretical study on metals recovery from e-waste by slurry electrolysis.     

Effects of different types of biochar on the properties and reactivity of nano zero-valent iron in soil remediation

• Biochar enhanced the mobility and stability of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. • Particle performance was best when the BC:nZVI mass ratio was 1:1. • Bagasse-BC@nZVI removed 66.8% of BDE209. The addition of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a promising technology for the in situ remediation of soil. Unfortunately, the mobility and, consequently, the reactivity of nZVI particles in contaminated areas decrease due to their rapid aggregation. In this study, we determined how nZVI particles can be stabilized using different types of biochar (BC) as a support (BC@nZVI). In addition, we investigated the transport behavior of the synthesized BC@nZVI particles in a column filled with porous media and their effectiveness in the removal of BDE209 (decabromodiphenyl ether) from soil. The characterization results of N₂ Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that nZVI was successfully loaded into the BC. The sedimentation test results and the experimental breakthrough curves indicated that all of the BC@nZVI composites manifested better stability and mobility than did the bare-nZVI particles, and the transport capacity of the particles increased with increasing flow velocity and porous medium size. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations of the column effluent for bagasse–BC@nZVI (B–BC@nZVI) were 19%, 37% and 48% higher than those for rice straw–BC@nZVI (R–BC@nZVI), wood chips–BC@nZVI (W–BC@nZVI) and corn stalks–BC@nZVI (C–BC@nZVI), respectively. A similar order was found for the removal and debromination efficiency of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by the aforementioned particles. Overall, the attachment of nZVI particles to BC significantly increased the reactivity, stability and mobility of B–BC@nZVI yielded, and nZVI the best performance.     

Enhanced hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis through strategies of carbon recovery from alkaline/thermal treated sludge

• High hydrogen yield is recovered from thermal-alkaline pretreated sludge. • Separating SFL by centrifugation is better than filtration for hydrogen recovery. • The cascaded bioconversion of complex substrates in MECs are studied. • Energy and electron efficiency related to substrate conversion are evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the biohydrogen production from thermal (T), alkaline (A) or thermal-alkaline (TA) pretreated sludge fermentation liquid (SFL) in a microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) without buffer addition. Highest hydrogen yield of 36.87±4.36 mgH₂/gVSS (0.026 m³/kg COD) was achieved in TA pretreated SFL separated by centrifugation, which was 5.12, 2.35 and 43.25 times higher than that of individual alkaline, thermal pretreatment and raw sludge, respectively. Separating SFL from sludge by centrifugation eliminated the negative effects of particulate matters, was more conducive for hydrogen production than filtration. The accumulated short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) after pretreatments were the main substrates for MEC hydrogen production. The maximum utilization ratio of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid was 93.69%, 90.72% and 91.85%, respectively. These results revealed that pretreated WAS was highly efficient to stimulate the accumulation of SCFAs. And the characteristics and cascade bioconversion of complex substrates were the main factor that determined the energy efficiency and hydrogen conversion rate of MECs.     

铁循环微生物对环境中重金属的影响研究进展

铁循环微生物包括铁氧化菌(Fe(Ⅱ)-oxidizing bacteria,FeOB)和铁还原菌(Fe(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria,FeRB),在由它们介导Fe²⁺(Fe³⁺)氧化(还原)的过程中,往往也伴随着一系列重金属元素的迁移转化,对重金属在环境中的生物有效性和迁移性方面有重要作用.本文综述了环境中的铁循环微生物,针对铁循环微生物驱动重金属迁移转化的作用机制,分别从铁氧化菌氧化亚铁生成铁矿物对重金属的固定,铁还原菌介导铁矿物还原溶解及次生矿物生成,以及铁循环微生物代谢耦合重金属形态转化方面进行阐述;进一步通过研究实例综述了铁循环微生物对环境中砷、镉、铬、铜、铅等重金属的作用及修复潜力;未来的研究可关注特定微生物的成矿机制,生物成矿对重金属固定的调控,以及重金属复合污染场地的铁循环微生物修复应用等方面.本文以期为基于铁循环微生物的重金属污染修复提供理论指导和应用依据.     

4种钝化剂对污染水稻土中Cu和Cd的固持机制

为揭示钝化剂阻控后Cu和Cd二次活化的风险程度,本文采用石灰石（LS）、麦饭石（MF）、生物炭（BC）和铁改性生物炭（Fe-BC）这4种钝化剂,研究其施用后土壤及土壤胶体中Cu和Cd形态变化和内源铁氧化物类型、形貌变化归趋.结果表明,钝化剂对土壤Cu和Cd的固持效果表现为LS>MF>Fe-BC>BC.LS和MF处理后土壤可交换及碳酸盐结合态Cu质量分数分别减少8.19%和2.33%,易还原铁锰结合态Cu质量分数分别增加8.00%和2.69%,二次活化的风险较高;BC和Fe-BC处理后,易还原铁锰结合态Cu质量分数分别减少2.21%和5.90%,有机结合态Cu质量分数分别增加4.75%和3.48%,钝化效果更稳定.LS、MF、BC和Fe-BC处理后,土壤可交换及碳酸盐结合态Cd质量分数分别减少7.64%、8.34%、2.37%和6.73%,残渣态Cd质量分数分别增加8.27%、9.18%、5.73%和9.60%,说明钝化处理后,Cd二次活化的风险较低.胶体中Cu和Cd的含量分别为489.92mg·kg^-1和2.57mg·kg^-1,远高于土壤中Cu和Cd的含量239.98mg·kg^-1和1.93mg·kg^-1,且4种钝化剂施用后,土壤胶体中非晶质氧化铁结合态Cu和Cd含量显著增加,说明这是重金属生物有效性降低的主要原因和路径.     

厌氧环境下美人蕉根表铁膜对重金属积累转运的影响

根表铁膜作为污染物进入植物体内的门户,对植物修复重金属污染底泥起着重要作用.有机物降解消耗DO导致的底泥厌氧环境会显著影响根表铁膜的形成,并改变重金属的生物地球化学特征,从而影响重金属污染底泥的植物修复效果.为了探讨底泥厌氧环境中植物根表铁膜对重金属积累和转运的影响,采用向底泥中投加蔗糖模拟底泥厌氧条件的方法,测定不同底泥厌氧水平下挺水植物美人蕉（Canna indica）的生物量、根表铁膜和植物组织内重金属的含量.结果表明:①底泥厌氧环境不利于美人蕉对Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的吸收,随着厌氧程度的增加,美人蕉对重金属的吸收量逐渐减少.②底泥厌氧环境能促进根表铁膜的形成及其对Cr和Ni的富集,重度厌氧环境中根表铁膜的含量为（10.40±0.30）g/kg（以根干质量计）,但厌氧环境抑制了铁膜对Cd、Pb和Zn的富集.③底泥厌氧环境不利于Ni从根表铁膜转运至植物组织,但轻度厌氧环境能促进Cr和Zn从根表铁膜转运至根系,且底泥厌氧环境对Cd、Pb和Cu的迁移转运无显著影响.研究显示,底泥厌氧环境促进了植物根表铁膜的形成,根表铁膜对重金属积累和转运的影响因底泥厌氧水平和重金属元素种类不同而不同.      

间歇梯度曝气下首段延时厌氧强化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

本研究采用SBR反应器,以实际低C/N比生活污水为进水基质,采用间歇梯度曝气（各曝气段溶解氧浓度递减）充分利用内碳源,探讨不同首段厌氧时间下好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,间歇梯度曝气的初始厌氧段从50 min增加至90 min,使颗粒污泥内碳源的储量增加,这一延时厌氧的改进条件导致颗粒污泥脱氮除磷效果提升,当延时至70和90 min时,COD、TN和TP的去除效率分别可达84.74%、70.05%和89.7%以及86.65%、78.81%和85.5%.但随后首段厌氧时间增至110 min后,由于部分细胞解体,污泥流失较严重,使内碳源储量约降低13.6%,进而污染物去除效率下降.在首段厌氧时间从50 min延长至90 min的过程中,LB-EPS中PS含量变化较小,随后延时至110 min后PS含量增加至约7.18 mg·g^-1,PN含量增加至约5.56mg·g^-1.TB-EPS中PN和PS含量均较稳定,进而表明内碳源储量对LB-EPS的影响较TB-EPS大,同时污泥沉降性能下降与LB-EPS中PS含量增加密切相关.颗粒污泥中DPAOs占比随首段厌氧时间的适当增加而升高,其中首段厌氧时间为70 min时DPAOs占比达到51.5%.     

基于ADAMS的机械式内割刀切割失效影响研究

割刀常因振动而折断刀片,造成切割设备失效,影响施工安全。为降低ND-J114型号机械式内割刀的事故率提高割刀使用寿命,采用多体动力学的方法,利用ADAMS软件对其切削套管的过程进行动态模拟,在不同钻压和转速情况下,对割刀切削力和角加速度的变化规律进行分析,从割刀振动的角度出发,通过降低割刀的振动来降低刀片折断的风险。分析结果表明:割刀在切削套管的过程中最优钻压为4 800 N,割刀运转平稳;切削力的大小跟钻压近似于成正比关系;割刀最优转速为29 r/min,割刀运转平稳;切割转速在10~30 r/min时,切割效果较好,切割设备越不易折断;转速对切削力大小的影响较小。     

弓长岭露天铁矿采空区稳定性及预警研究

采空区对露天矿的安全生产具有极大的威胁。针对弓长岭露天矿众多已探明的采空区进行了稳定性分析。对露天矿日常的爆破作业进行了爆破测振,统计回归出萨道夫斯基经验公式参数,获得了爆破振动对空区产生的荷载。建立了采空区顶板三铰拱承载的力学模型,推导了空区顶板稳定性的判据。利用数值模拟方法,计算拱形空区在不同荷载作用下稳定性,对弓长岭露天铁矿已探明各空区进行了预警,为弓长岭露天矿处理空区及安全生产提供依据。     

泡沫强化多孔介质中纳米零价铁迁移试验

通过批量模拟试验考察了纳米零价铁(NZVI)在水、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶液与SDS泡沫3种流体中的沉降性能,以及3种流体输送作用下NZVI在多孔介质中的迁移分布特性.结果表明:NZVI在SDS溶液中的稳定性远大于其在水中的稳定性;搅拌速度为3000r/ min时,NZVI在泡沫中的分布较均匀且泡沫对NZVI携带量较大;NZVI对泡沫稳定性影响不大.水、SDS溶液、SDS泡沫分别作为输送流体时,NZVI迁移的最大距离分别为0.8m,7.9m和2.1m,SDS溶液和泡沫均显著促进了其在多孔介质中的运移.当NZVI由SDS溶液和泡沫输送时,其在介质中的分布范围(33.5%和42.5%)大于水(12.8%);由于重力作用,SDS溶液携带NZVI的迁移主要集中在垂向上,水平迁移能力有限;而泡沫受重力影响较小,其携带的NZVI在水平和垂直方向上的分布更为均匀.可见泡沫作为NZVI的输送流体具有明显优势.