DMP和DEP在氧化铁多相体系中的光催化降解

应用水热合成法制备了4种自然界常见的氧化铁:纤铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿和磁赤铁矿,选取邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)作为目标物,研究了它们在氧化铁体系中,紫外光和可见光下的降解过程。重点探讨草酸、光源和氧化铁对其光解效率的影响机制,并与其它文献报道的光解体系进行比较。结果显示,如没有草酸的协同作用,目标物很难发生光解;草酸能够显著促进目标物的光解效率,当目标物初始浓度为20 mg/L,紫外光条件下,DMP和DEP反应60 min后的最高降解率可达到98%以上,可见光条件下,反应180min后可达到96%以上。研究体系与其它光解体系比较,绿色、经济的特点显著。     

IC反应器处理啤酒废水的效能及其微生物群落动态分析

在35℃下连续运行内循环厌氧反应器(IC),通过不断提高进水容积负荷,研究不同运行负荷下反应器处理模拟啤酒废水的运行情况,并探讨微生物的种群结构与其活性变化之间的相互关系.IC反应器效能分析表明其最大进水容积负荷(以COD计)可达20 kg.(m3.d)-1,COD去除率为85%以上,最大比产甲烷活性(以VSS计)可达210 mL.(g.d)-1;污泥脱氢酶活性与细菌DGGE图谱表明反应器中脱氢酶活性的变化趋势与细菌DGGE条带总光强度的变化趋势一致,DGGE图谱中细菌条带的总光密度值可作为厌氧体系中生物量的一个参考指标;辅酶F420与古细菌DGGE分析表明,污泥中辅酶F420含量与甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta sp.)的相对丰度有一定的相互联系,在低负荷条件下甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina mazei)优势地位比较显著,随着负荷的提高,甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta sp.)优势地位逐渐显著,且辅酶F420含量随之升高,当最大负荷为20kg.(m3.d)-1时,辅酶F420的含量(以VSS计)达到0.16μmol.g-1,而此时甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta sp.)占据尤为明显的优势地位;聚类分析(UPGAMA)和Shannon指数也表明在不同反应负荷下,微生物的群落结构变化明显.     

pH值对零价铁自养反硝化过程的影响

以零价铁和硝酸盐为基质,通过批量实验和连续流发酵罐实验中铁自养反硝化脱氮速率的测定,研究了铁自养反硝化过程pH值的变化以及pH值对零价铁自养反硝化污泥活性的影响.批量实验采用4个添加污泥的反应瓶,初始pH值分别为6.2、6.7、7.5、8.8和一个初始pH为6.7的未添加污泥瓶.结果表明初始pH值6.7时表现出最高氮素脱除速度,其中未添加污泥的批量瓶pH持续上升至10左右,4个不同初始pH添加污泥的批量瓶的pH值后续均集中在7.5~7.8之间,难以凸显不同pH值对反硝化菌的影响.利用能够控制pH值稳定的连续流发酵罐,通过设立6、6.5、7、7.5、8这5个恒定的pH梯度,对微生物不同pH值条件下的适应性和活性进行观察,结果表明在pH为6.5时污泥活性最大,其氮脱除速率达到1.35mg·(L·h)~(-1).     

阿哈水库沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫高分辨率空间分布特征

选取贵州典型高原亚深水型湖库阿哈水库为研究对象,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术获取夏季分层期不同湖区沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫的原位、二维高分辨分布信息,并结合水化学及沉积物磷形态分析,探讨了沉积物P-Fe-S分布规律及控制因素.结果表明:沉积物-水界面DGT-P的浓度变化范围0.00~0.43 mg·L~(-1),DGT-Fe的浓度变化范围0.00~2.83 mg·L~(-1),DGT-S的浓度变化范围0.00~0.10 mg·L~(-1).阿哈水库沉积物孔隙水磷、铁、硫浓度在垂向分布上没有显著的相关性,DGT-P、DGT-Fe甚至还呈反向变化,这与很多湖泊的研究结果存在明显差异,其原因可能是阿哈水库沉积物具有很高的Fe/P和Fe/S比值,过剩的Fe导致还原态S以FeS/FeS_2形式沉淀后,P仍然被Fe(Ⅲ)固定在沉积物中.阿哈水库沉积物磷形态以Na OH-SRP和BD-P为主,Na OH-SRP含量变化范围为192~604 mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为392 mg·kg~(-1),BD-P含量变化范围为143~524mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为225 mg·kg~(-1).阿哈水库底层水体长期处于厌氧环境,Fe、S地球化学循环对沉积物内源磷释放起着重要控制作用.     

Decolorization of Methyl Orange by a new clay-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron: Synergetic effect, efficiency optimization and mechanism

In this study, a novel nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite material was successfully synthesized using a low-cost natural clay, “Hangjin 2^# clay” (HJ clay) as the support and tested for the decolorization of the azo dye Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solution by nZVI particles. According to the characterization and MO decolorization experiments, the sample with 5:1 HJ clay-supported nZVI (HJ/nZVI) mass ratio (HJ-nZVI5) showed the best dispersion and reactivity and the highest MO decolorization efficiency. With the same equivalent Fe⁰ dosage, the HJ-nZVI1 and HJ-nZVI5 samples demonstrated a synergetic effect for the decolorization of MO: their decolorization efficiencies were much higher than that achieved by physical mixing of HJ clay and nZVIs, or the sum of HJ clay and nZVIs alone. The synergetic effect was primarily due to the improved dispersion and more effective utilization of the nZVI particles on/in the composite materials. Higher decolorization efficiency of MO was obtained at larger HJ-nZVI dosage, higher temperature and under N₂ atmosphere, while the MO initial concentration and pH were negatively correlated to the efficiency. HJ clay not only works as a carrier for nZVI nanoparticles, but also contributes to the decolorization through an “adsorption-enhanced reduction” mechanism. The high efficiency of HJ-nZVI for decontamination gives it great potential for use in a variety of remediation applications.     

A zero-valent iron and organic matter mixture enhances herbicide and herbicide degradation product removal in subsurface waters

The pesticide atrazine,its degradation products,and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide(BAM) are persistent in groundwater environment.We studied whether their dissipation can be enhanced with a mixture of a complex carbon source and zero-valent iron(ZVI) called EHC.The application rates were 1.0% and 2.0%(by weight) in subsurface sediments slurries(atrazine 30 mg/L),and 2.0% in 1.5 m pilot-scale sediment columns with groundwater flowing through(atrazine 0.08,desethylatrazine DEA 0.03,BAM 0.02 μg/L).In the slurries under aerobic conditions,atrazine of 0.88 ± 0.14 mg/g of EHC was dissipated chemically,as concentrations did not differ significantly between the slurries and their sterilized controls.No degradation occurred in the slurries under anaerobic conditions.In the pilot-scale columns under water-saturated conditions,atrazine,DEA and BAM were not detected in effluents during 33,64 and 64 days from the beginning of the water flow through EHC columns,respectively,but thereafter traces of compounds could be detected.No atrazine or degradation products(BAM,DEA,deisopropylatrazine,desethyldeisopropylatrazine) could be extracted from the column sediments at the end of the experiment.As a result,the sum of dissipated pesticides was about7.6 μg/g of EHC in columns under water-saturated conditions,and 0.88 mg/g of EHC in slurries under aerobic conditions.EHC can be used to enhance the dissipation of studied pesticides in small quantities,preferentially under aerobic conditions.     

改性纳米零价铁对稻田土壤As污染的修复效能

为实现对稻田土壤As污染的高效修复,通过制备C-NZVI(壳聚糖基稳定化纳米零价铁),分析其对还原态亚砷酸〔As(Ⅲ)〕的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,阐明典型竞争性阴离子/分子对C-NZVI吸附As(Ⅲ)效率的影响;在此基础上,重点研究淹水和拮抗性肥料对稻土As的强化溶出效应,揭示C-NZVI对稻土液相As的异位吸附去除与原位补充钝化作用.结果表明:准一级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述C-NZVI对As(Ⅲ)的吸附过程特征,该材料对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量为145.09 mg/g;当竞争性K₂HPO₄、H₃BO₃、Na₂SiO₃和CH₃COOH的摩尔浓度为0.05~0.50 mmol/L时,C-NZVI对As(Ⅲ)的去除率依然高达99%.在对稻田土壤进行淹水和依次施用NH₄H₂PO₄、(NH₄)₂C₂O₄、Na₂SiO₃三种拮抗性肥料条件下,稻土中累积溶出w(水溶态As)(18.1 mg/kg)达到土壤w(As)的30.0%;对强化溶出反应后的淹水稻土进行排水并利用C-NZVI对各步分离获得的含As液相进行异位吸附,As去除率为91.3%~99.8%,该过程使稻土中w(As)减少43.4%~52.6%;进一步利用1%和5%的C-NZVI对强化溶出后的稻土进行补充钝化,可使稻土中w(非专性吸附态As)降低94.7%~100%.研究显示,淹水强化条件下,利用C-NZVI对稻田土壤As污染进行异位去除与原位钝化的联合修复可为有效减控稻田土壤As生物有效性提供有益途径.      

瓦斯发电站燃气内燃机烟气脱硝方案研究

自2011年国家将氮氧化物总量纳入总量控制指标范围以来,环保主管部门针对煤层气发电项目氮氧化物排放总量政策逐渐收紧,对迅速发展的瓦斯发电项目来说氮氧化物排放浓度和总量的控制得到越来越多的重视.结合近5年来山西省瓦斯发电站实际环评过程中遇到氮氧化物排放浓度控制的问题,针对燃气内燃机高温、低烟尘、低二氧化硫的烟气排放特点,选择四个脱硝工艺方案进行了探讨,对企业制定脱硝方案具有一定的参考价值.     

基于反硝化脱氮的硫铁复合填料除磷机制

为提高硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步除磷效果,对比研究了不同填料和耦合微生物后的除磷效果,分析了微生物耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步实现除磷的机制.结果表明与单纯海绵铁填料比较,硫磺与海绵铁复合填料除磷效率提高30%,达到95%以上,出水磷含量可降至0.1 mg·L~(-1)以下.X射线衍射(XRD)和总铁浓度分析表明,硫铁复合填料除磷系统反应产物主要为FeOOH、FeS和Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3固体物质和溶解性铁离子,产生于海绵铁的腐蚀和除磷过程;腐蚀产生的Fe~(2+)及Fe~(3+)的水解产物FeOOH和Fe S通过吸附沉淀作用将PO_4~(3-)转化为Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3去除.微生物耦合硫铁炭复合填料反应器运行稳定后,TN、TP去除率分别在90%左右和83%以上;硫自养反硝化产生的H~+和生物铁作用也可以促进海绵铁腐蚀和除磷过程,体系将"异养协同自养"复合反硝化与化学除磷有机结合,实现了城市污水处理厂尾水高效反硝化脱氮同步除磷的目的.