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本文基于中国乘用车市场车型层面微观数据,采用前沿的需求模型估计方法,通过反事实分析,实证模拟了燃油税与购置税税率变动作用于消费者购车决策的价格收入效应与替代效应,进而从需求侧探究购置税与燃油税实现节能减排的微观经济学机制,兼论环境税对企业和社会总福利的影响。结论表明:燃油税具有显著的价格变动收入效应,即促使更多消费者放弃驾车出行模式,购置税具有显著的价格变动替代效应,即促使消费者选择购买小排量车型。在这样的机制下,组合税对需求的影响更多地取决于购置税,即购置税的价格替代效应超过燃油税的价格收入效应。这使得组合税在样本期并未实现总量上的节能减排,但税收组合政策使得中国乘用车市场车型平均油耗降低。从时间趋势来看,燃油税节能减排效应具有时间稳定性,购置税减排效果具有很大的波动性。从税制福利效应来看,组合税制的税收效应更多地向消费者市场转移。总的来看,燃油税与购置税的组合税政策并未实现“1+1> 2”的效应,未来减排工作的核心应在于通过调整和匹配税率,以实现组合税最优的政策效果。 相似文献
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制氧机组均有各种类型的空压机、氧压机、氮压机以及透平膨胀机、气体输送管道等高噪声设备,声源多、声级高、分布面广,屏蔽效应复杂,对噪声源强的全面、准确分析以及针对性的隔声、消声、吸声等降噪措施,是治理制氧机组噪声的成功经验。 相似文献
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抗剪强度折减系数法在基坑土钉墙稳定性分析中的应用研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
深基坑土钉墙支护结构由于其经济可靠且施工快速简便,已在许多国家得到迅速的发展和应用。但由于土钉墙支护基坑边坡稳定性分析中土体计算参数的难以确定,常常误导土钉设计,造成众多基坑土钉墙事故的发生。笔者根据抗剪强度折减系数理论,并结合FLAC3D三维动态仿真模拟.分析了基坑土钉墙在开挖与支护作用下的应力场与位移场分布形态特征,据此得出其发生扰动后的综合强度参数,以此综合强度参数计算基坑坡体的安全系数,为基坑土钉墙稳定性分析提供了有效途径。 相似文献
998.
昆钢滇中铁合金厂6000KVA电炉烟尘治理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
昆钢滇中铁合金厂6000KVA电炉采用干法袋式除尘工艺处理烟气,通过改变滤袋材质、控制在线过滤风速、延长清灰静止沉降时间等措施,使整套装置除尘效率达到99.5%。 相似文献
999.
Abstract: Die-offs of cordgrass are pervasive throughout western Atlantic salt marshes, yet understanding of the mechanisms precipitating these events is limited. We tested whether herbivory by the native crab , Sesarma reticulatum , is generating die-offs of cordgrass that are currently occurring on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), by manipulating crab access to cordgrass transplanted into die-off areas and healthy vegetation. We surveyed 12 Cape Cod marshes to investigate whether the extent of cordgrass die-off on creek banks, where die-offs are concentrated, was related to local Sesarma grazing intensity and crab density. We then used archived aerial images to examine whether creek bank die-off areas have expanded over the past 2 decades and tested the hypothesis that release from predation, leading to elevated Sesarma densities, is triggering cordgrass die-offs by tethering crabs where die-offs are pervasive and where die-offs have not yet been reported. Intensity of crab grazing on transplanted cordgrass was an order of magnitude higher in die-off areas than in adjacent vegetation. Surveys revealed that Sesarma herbivory has denuded nearly half the creek banks in Cape Cod marshes, and differences in crab-grazing intensity among marshes explained >80% of variation in the extent of the die-offs. Moreover, the rate of die-off expansion and area of marsh affected have more than doubled since 2000. Crab-tethering experiments suggest that release from predation has triggered elevated crab densities that are driving these die-offs, indicating that disruption of predator–prey interactions may be generating the collapse of marsh ecosystems previously thought to be exclusively under bottom-up control . 相似文献
1000.
Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are an alternative technology to treat mine drainage containing sulfate and heavy metals. Two column experiments were conducted to assess the suitability of an organic carbon (OC) based reactive mixture and an Fe0-bearing organic carbon (FeOC) based reactive mixture, under controlled groundwater flow conditions. The organic carbon mixture contains about 30% (volume) organic carbon (composted leaf mulch) and 70% (volume) sand and gravel. The Fe0-bearing organic carbon mixture contains 10% (volume) zero-valent iron, 20% (volume) organic carbon, 10% (volume) limestone, and 60% (volume) sand and gravel. Simulated groundwater containing 380 ppm sulfate, 5 ppm As, and 0.5 ppm Sb was passed through the columns at flow rates of 64 (the OC column) and 62 (the FeOC column) ml d− 1, which are equivalent to 0.79 (the OC column) and 0.78 (the FeOC column) pore volumes (PVs) per week or 0.046 m d− 1 for both columns. The OC column showed an initial sulfate reduction rate of 0.4 µmol g (OC)− 1 d− 1 and exhausted its capacity to promote sulfate reduction after 30 PVs, or 9 months of flow. The FeOC column sustained a relatively constant sulfate reduction rate of 0.9 µmol g (OC)− 1 d− 1 for at least 65 PVs (17 months). In the FeOC column, the δ34S values increase with the decreasing sulfate concentration. The δ34S fractionation follows a Rayleigh fractionation model with an enrichment factor of 21.6‰. The performance decline of the OC column was caused by the depletion of substrate or electron donor. The cathodic production of H2 by anaerobic corrosion of Fe probably sustained a higher level of SRB activity in the FeOC column. These results suggest that zero-valent iron can be used to provide an electron donor in sulfate reducing PRBs. A sharp increase in the δ13C value of the dissolved inorganic carbon and a decrease in the concentration of HCO3− indicate that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis is occurring in the first 15 cm of the FeOC column. 相似文献