一株耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌的辐照抗性研究

研究室经过对枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种进行了两次中子辐照,一次γ辐照和一次紫外线辐照,筛选得到了一株辐射抗性较强的菌株,称为耐辐射株.为了系统地考察这株耐辐射株的辐照抗性,分别以芽孢和营养体为材料,研究了其对中子、脉冲X光和紫外线的耐受性.结果显示,这株耐辐射株与原菌相比,对不同射线的耐受性都有不同程度的提高.但对于不同的辐...     

PI纤维在空间带电粒子辐照下的力学性能损伤

目的研究聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维在电子辐照、质子辐照、应力耦合质子辐照条件下力学性能的损伤行为。方法采用中国科学院长春应用化学研究所自主合成并纺丝制备的聚酰亚胺纤维,在空间环境模拟设备辐照的条件下,研究空间带电粒子对聚酰亚胺纤维辐照后的力学损伤行为,并通过XQ-1型纤维强度仪对辐照前后的样品进行拉伸试验。结果在低能电子辐照条件下,聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸强度、模量和断裂伸长率均有所降低,但变化不太显著;高能电子辐照会提高材料的模量;质子辐照后,材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随着辐照注量的增加明显降低;单一施加5%的应变会使聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸力学性能有一定量下降。与单一应变样品相比,应力耦合质子辐照样品的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率进一步下降,但是与单一质子辐照样品相比,应力耦合辐照样品的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都更高。结论无论是在低能电子辐照条件下,还是在高能电子辐照条件下,电子辐照对聚酰亚胺纤维力学性能影响均较微弱,而质子辐照会较大程度地降低材料的力学性能,增加应力耦合效应之后,质子辐照对材料的力学性能影响减弱。     

Bromate ion formation in dark chlorination and ultraviolet/chlorination processes for bromide-containing water

Bormate （BrO3^-） is a carcinogenic chemical produced in ozonation or chlorination of bromide-containing water. Although its formation in seawater with or without sunlight has been previously investigated, the formation of bromate in dilute solutions, particularly raw water for water treatment plant, is unknown. In this article, the results of bench scale tests to measure the formation rates of bromate formation in dilute solutions, including de-ionized water and raw water from Yangtze River, were presented in dark chlorination and ultraviolet （UV）/chlorination processes. And the effects of initial pH, initial concentration of NaOCl, and UV light intensity on bromate formation in UV/chlorination of the diluted solutions were investigated. Detectable bromate was formed in dark chlorination of the two water samples with a relatively slow production rate. Under routine disinfecting conditions, the amount of formed bromate is not likely to exceed the national standards （10 μg/L）. UV irradiation enhanced the decay of free chlorine, and, simultaneously, 6.6%-32% of Br^- was oxidized to BrO3^-. And the formation of bromate exhibited three stages： rapid stage, slow stage and plateau. Under the experimental conditions （pH = 4.41-11.07, CCl2= 1.23-4.50 mg/L）, low pH and high chlorine concentration favored the generation of bromate. High light intensity promoted the production rate of bromate, but decreased its total generation amount due to acceleration of chlorine decomposition.     

UV-C辐照抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的动态实验研究

以我国典型淡水水华藻种铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa905)为研究对象,采用推流式低压紫外灯反应器研究在动态条件下Ultraviolet-C(UV-C)辐照对蓝藻生长抑制作用的效果.对数培养期的蓝藻液流经反应器进行UV-C辐照处理,其后正常培养,在培养期2 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d分别取样,通过研究级倒置荧光显微镜在荧光视野下进行细胞计数.结果表明,辐照处理未引起铜绿微囊藻细胞的大量破裂死亡,36~115 mW.s.cm-2剂量范围的UV-C辐照能在9 d内有效抑制2.6×105~2.7×105cells.mL-1的铜绿微囊藻细胞密度增长,31~50 mW.s.cm-2剂量范围的UV-C辐照能在9d内有效抑制9.0×105~1.15×106cells.mL-1的铜绿微囊藻细胞密度增长.     

煅烧结合光辐照提高纳米AgI/TiO_2的可见光响应

为提高AgI/TiO2的可见光响应能力,采用煅烧结合光辐照的工艺对其进行改性.紫外-可见光吸收分析表明,改性AgI/TiO2的敏感光谱范围覆盖了整个可见区,吸收边带从465nm红移至800nm,在500nm处的吸光度提高了近3倍.X-射线衍射分析结果指出,煅烧提高了金红石型TiO2的相对含量,导致禁带宽度从2.89eV降到2.81eV,氙灯辐照进一步增加了锐钛型TiO2、金红石型TiO2和AgI的相对含量,并生成了新的晶体AgCl,使其禁带宽度又降至1.55eV左右.AgCl的产生、AgI和金红石型TiO2相对含量的增加是降低改性材料禁带宽度和增强可见光响应能力的主要原因.研究还表明,只有煅烧后的AgI/TiO2才能通过光辐照来拓宽可见光敏感范围,而且,光辐照中起作用的主要是紫外光,可见光的作用甚小.研究最后提出将2种或2种以上的卤化银负载在纳米TiO2上,更能有效地增强TiO2的可见光响应能力.     

Degradation of Reactive Yellow 86 with photo-Fenton process driven by solar light

The decolorization of Reactive Yellow 86(RY 86),one of reactive azo dyes,was investigated in the presence of Fenton reagent under solar light irradiation.The decolorization rate was strongly influenced by pH,initial concentrations of H 2 O 2 and Fe(II),and so on.An initial concentration of 40 mg/L was decolored more than 90% after 20 min under optimum conditions.The activation energy of the solar photo-Fenton reaction was 1.50 kJ/mol for RY 86 in the temperature range of 10-60°C.In the kinetic study,the rate constant of RY 86 with OH· radicals could be estimated to be 1.7 × 10 10 L/(mol·sec).The decolorization efficiency of RY 86 under solar light irradiation was comparable to the artificial light irradiation.The decrease of TOC as a result of mineralization of RY 86 was observed during photo-Fenton process.The rate of RY 86 mineralization was about 83% under UV irradiation after 24 hr.The formation of chloride,sulfate,nitrate and ammonium ions as end-products was observed during the photocatalytic process.The decomposition of RY 86 gave two kinds of intermediate products.The degradation mechanism of RY 86 was proposed on the base of the identified intermediates.     

微波间断加载作用下煤中瓦斯解吸响应特征实验研究

为揭示煤中瓦斯解吸过程中加载微波作用对解吸特性的影响,分析探讨了微波辐射促进煤层瓦斯解吸的基本原理,研制了微波作用下煤中瓦斯解吸实验装置,对微波间断加载作用及无微波作用条件下煤中瓦斯解吸特性进行了对比实验研究。实验表明:微波作用对煤中瓦斯解吸具有明显的促进作用,微波作用时间越长,解吸量越大,解吸率越高。在微波作用40 s条件下,微波间断加载作用使得煤样瓦斯解吸量增加290%,解吸率达到87%,解吸速度最大提高率为1 020%。     

Light-induced variation in environmentally persistent free radicals and the generation of reactive radical species in humic substances

• Light irradiation increased the concentration of free radicals on HS. • The increased spin densities on HS readily returned back to the original value. • The “unstable” free radicals induced the formation of reactive radical species. • Reactive radicals’ concentration correlated strongly with EPFRs’ concentration. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in humic substances play an essential role in soil geochemical processes. Light is known to induce EPFRs formation for dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments; however, the impacts of light irradiation on the variation of EPFRs in soil humic substances remain unclear. In this study, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin were extracted from peat soil and then in situ irradiated using simulated sunlight. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy results showed that with the increasing irradiation time, the spin densities and g-factors of humic substances rapidly increased during the initial 20 min and then gradually reached a plateau. After irradiation for 2h, the maximum spin density levels were up to 1.63 × 10¹⁷, 2.06 × 10¹⁷, and 1.77 × 10¹⁷ spins/g for the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, respectively. And the superoxide radicals increased to 1.05 × 10¹⁴–1.46 × 10¹⁴ spins/g while the alkyl radicals increased to 0.47 × 10¹⁴–1.76 × 10¹⁴ spins/g. The light-induced EPFRs were relatively unstable and readily returned back to their original state under dark and oxic conditions. Significant positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of EPFRs and reactive radical species (R² = 0.65–0.98, p<0.05), which suggested that the newly produced EPFRs contributed to the formation of reactive radical species. Our findings indicate that under the irradiation humic substances are likely to be more toxic and reactive in soil due to the formation of EPFRs.     

Photochemical degradation of atrazine in UV and UV/H2O2 process: pathways and toxic effects of products

The degradation of atrazine in aqueous solution by UV or UV/H₂O₂ processes, and the toxic effects of the degradation products were explored. The mineralization of atrazine was not observed in the UV irradiation process, resulting in the production of hydroxyatrazine (OIET) as the final product. In the UV/H₂O₂ process, the final product was ammeline (OAAT), which was obtained by two different pathways of reaction: dechlorination followed by hydroxylation, and the de-alkylation of atrazine. The by-products of the reaction of dechlorination followed by hydroxylation were OIET and hydroxydeethyl atrazine (OIAT), and those of de-alkylation were deisopropyl atrazine (CEAT), deethyl atrazine (CIAT), and deethyldeisopropyl atrazine (CAAT). OIAT and OAAT appeared to be quite stable in the degradation of atrazine by the UV/H₂O₂ process. In a toxicity test using Daphnia magna, the acute toxic unit (TUa) was less than 1 of TUa (100/EC₅₀, %) in the UV/H₂O₂ process after 30 min of reaction time, while 1.2 to 1.3 of TUa was observed in the UV process. The TUa values of atrazine and the degradation products have the following decreasing order: OIET> Atrazine> CEAT≈CIAT> CAAT. OIAT and OAAT did not show any toxic effects.     

Mechanisms of photosynthetic inactivation on growth suppression of Microcystis aeruginosa under UV-C stress

This study aims to investigate the effects of UV-C irradiation on photosynthetic processes of Microcystis aeruginosa to unravel the mechanism(s) involved in how and in what ways UV-C mediates growth suppression and cellular recovery. Changes in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, photochemical efficiency, PS II core protein (D1) content, and the coding genes expressions were measured. The results indicate that UV-C doses at 20–200 mJ cm⁻² lead to rapid reduction in gene expression of both psbA (for D1) and cpc (for phycocyanin), but the suppression was short term and recoverable within 3 d of post-UV incubation. Conversely, UV-C doses at ?50 mJ cm⁻² could induce marked decline in photochemical efficiency (represented by the optimal PS II quantum yield, F_V/F_M, and the effective PS II quantum yield, Y) as well as decreases in D1 content and water soluble pigments (phycoerythrins, phycocyanins, allophycocyanins) in M. aeruginosa during the post UV-C incubation period. The results suggest that interruption of both the light energy harvesting apparatus (especially the water soluble pigments) and the photochemical process mainly accounted for the growth suppression effect in UV-C irradiated M. aeruginosa.