Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.     

星用热缩套管力学性能钴源辐照效应研究

目的研究星用热缩套管的力学性能(断裂伸长率和拉伸强度)在空间辐射环境中的退化情况。方法利用钴源放射的γ射线模拟地球轨道粒子辐照环境,通过表面形貌分析、辐解气体分析、X射线光电子能谱分析、红外光谱分析等多种手段分析热缩套管力学性能退化的原因。结果辐照后热缩套管颜色变深,力学参数出现严重退化现象。在最大辐照剂量下,材料断裂伸长率由414.3%下降为0.06%,拉伸强度由17.43 MPa下降为2.15 MPa,热缩套管原有力学性能几乎完全丧失。结论热缩套管主链出现断链现象,生成可挥发的CO2,CH4等气体,从而导致样品力学性能严重退化。     

超声波预处理-生物降解复合工艺处理含油污泥

以超声辐照和生物降解复合工艺处理油田含油污泥,辐照30 min后,连续曝气4 h的污泥中COD去除率比未经辐照的污泥COD去除率增幅85.7%,除油率增幅为66.7%;超声辐照强度对含油污泥处理效果影响较大,输出电压从50 V增至250 V时,COD去除率从10%增至70%,除油率则先增加后降低,在200 V左右时除油率最高达60%。     

超声辐照去除焦化废水中的氨氮

采用超声辐照去除焦化废水中的氨氮,在废水初始pH为8～9、氨氮初始质量浓度为121mg／L、饱和气体同时曝气同时超声的作用方式下对氨氮去除效果最佳。通过测定自由基清除剂对氨氮去除过程的影响和氨氮的转化形态,提出了超声去除氨氮的作用机理可能是溶液中的氨分子进入空化泡内进行高温热解反应最终转化成氮气和氢气的过程。     

还原铁粉/紫外光体系对活性艳红X-3B溶液的脱色

研究了在紫外杀菌灯（λmax=253．7nm,30W）照射下,添加还原铁粉的活性艳红X－3B水溶液的脱色作用。当pH=3．5,铁粉投加量为2．0g／L时,20mg／L活性艳红X－3B溶液在光照180min后的脱色率为79％。脱色为动力学零级反应。染料溶液的pH、铁粉投加量、活性艳红初始浓度对脱色有影响。初步探讨了脱色反应的机理。     

辐射技术在水处理中的应用及其发展

介绍了水处理辐射技术的分类、处理机理及其特点;概括了辐射技术在水处理中的应用情况;分析了辐射技术在水处理中的发展趋势。     

光助纳米铁还原Cr(VI)的研究

采用液相还原法制备了纳米铁,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对其晶体结构、形貌特征进行了表征.以Cr(Ⅵ)为模拟污染物,中压汞灯作为光源,考察了不同投加量、不同pH值等条件下光照对纳米铁还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明:制备的纳米铁具有很高的反应活性,粒径约为7.6nm,呈球形,可在空气中自燃.在25℃、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为20mg/L、pH=7±0.5,加入0.1g的纳米铁,光照60min后Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达到62.3%,而无光照时Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率仅为27.6%,说明光照对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原具有明显的促进作用.当纳米铁投加量较大时,纳米铁对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原速率大于光照对其产生的影响.反应液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)还原速率的影响较光照对其产生的影响显著.在紫外光的照射下,纳米铁中电荷可能在诱导下作受迫振荡,与吸附分子发生电荷传递是光照促进纳米铁还原Cr(Ⅵ)的主要原因.     

Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC粒子电极的制备及可见光光电催化协同降解RhB

制备Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC粒子电极,应用于可见光助三维电极/电Fenton(Vis-3D/EF)光电催化体系中,以RhB为目标污染物,研究了可见光光电催化对RhB的协同降解.实验优化了Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC粒子电极的制备条件,并与活性炭粒子电极、活性炭负载TiO2粒子电极在Vis-3D/EF体系中的光电催化性能进行对比,结果表明:TiO2浸渍液浓度为2g/L,Fe-Ni掺杂比为5:5,Fe:Ni:TiO2物质的量比为0.5:0.5:100的条件下制备的粒子电极在Vis-3D/EF体系中表现出最优的光电催化性能,60min对RhB的去除率达92.58%,优于活性炭粒子电极和活性炭负载TiO2粒子电极.自制粒子电极在Vis-3D/EF体系比在3D/EF体系对RhB的去除率提高29.46%,表现出明显的光催化和三维电极/电Fenton协同处理效果,协同指数为1.18,说明了自制粒子电极应用在Vis-3D/EF组合技术中,实现对RhB的可见光光电协同降解是可行的.     

Effect of acute whole-body proton irradiation on hematological and intestinal variables in mice

Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single dose of protons or ⁶⁰Co gamma rays at 20 mGy and 2 Gy, which represent the recommended limit for annual occupational exposure and the daily fractional dose for patients undergoing radiotherapy, respectively. A control group was not exposed to radiation. The number of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells was assessed 24 h after radiation to investigate the marrow suppression. The number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood was significantly lower in mice exposed to the higher dose of radiation than in the nonirradiated mice. However, at a low dose of radiation, there were no discernable hematological effects. The frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells was increased only after the high dose of gamma radiation. Radiation-induced intestinal apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase labeling assay. The magnitude of damage was greater after gamma irradiation than after proton irradiation at the same dose. Among the systemic biological end point to predict whole body radiation effect, the apoptosis of intestinal crypts may be the most sensitive parameter to provide information even at low dose of radiation.     

高能辐射去除饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的影响因素

为提高高能辐射去除邻苯二甲酸脂类化合物(PAEs)的能效,研究了辐射去除的主要影响因素:剂量、射线类型、初始浓度、气氛、pH值、共存物质以及PAE类型(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯,DMP;邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,DEP;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,DBP).以DMP为研究对象,辐照功效(GD)随PAEs初始浓度增加而增加,但随吸收剂量的增加而下降;辐照存在剂量率效应,在同等剂量下,g 辐照比EB辐照能量利用率更高.不同气氛条件下辐照降解效率顺序为:充O2>饱和空气>充N2;在本试验浓度下,辐射降解的最适初始 pH值是5~10,较低或较高pH值都会降低去除效率;水中阴离子抑制剂存在会降低去除效果.不同类型PAEs辐照去除效率大小依次为DMP,DEP,DBP.