某铀矿山废石场及尾砂库氡污染调查

通过对某退役铀矿山的 14个废石堆放场及 3个尾砂库氡析出率的测量及内照射剂量的估算 ,表明 ,只有一个废石场的氡析出率超过国家规定的管理限值水平 ;尾砂库的氡析出率较高 ,个别测点的氡析出率超出管理限值水平近 7倍 ;因氡析出而使当地居民额外所受的年最大有效剂量当量为 0 0 5 8mSv。指出在尾砂库表面覆盖黄土 ,可以有效降低氡析出水平 ,当覆盖厚度达 0 5m时 ,可将氡析出水平降低 84%以上。     

超声辐射浸渍法制备Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂及性能研究

以Al2O3为载体,分别采用超声辐射浸渍法和普通浸渍方法制备Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂。采用BET、XRD和SEM对催化剂的理化性质和孔结构进行了分析,以模拟酸性绿B废水为研究对象考察催化剂的催化性能。实验结果表明,浸渍溶液pH值和焙烧温度显著影响催化剂的性能。与普通浸渍法相比,超声浸渍法制备的Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂对酸性绿B脱色反应表现出较高的催化活性。     

微波辐照技术修复氯丹污染土壤

采用微波辐照技术修复氯丹污染土壤。以α-氯丹和γ-氯丹的去除率为评价指标,采用正交实验设计确定土壤中氯丹去除的最佳微波辐照条件。实验结果表明,当微波辐照强度为5.83W/g、微波辐照时间为20min、土壤含水率为15%时,土壤中氯丹的去除效果最好,去除率达到85%以上。微波辐照技术简单高效,易于控制,且无二次污染,具有可行性,可作为修复氯丹污染土壤的新方法。     

微波辐射对污泥性质及脱水性能的影响

将微波辐射用于污泥预处理,考察了500、750和900 W的微波作用下,污泥性质(温度,污泥粒径,胞外聚合物和水解程度)和脱水性能(毛细吸水时间和污泥比阻)的变化情况,并探讨了相关的机理。结果表明,适宜的微波条件能够增加污泥粒径,提高污泥的脱水性能。900 W微波辐射60 s后,污泥粒径增加了71.40%,污泥毛细吸水时间和污泥比阻分别减少了42.70%和73.11%。若进一步增加微波接触时间,不仅使能耗增加,同时也会恶化污泥的脱水性能。     

Photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution by Bi(4)Nb(x)Ta((1-x))O(8)I

In this work, Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I photocatalysts have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solutions under visible light, UV light and solar irradiation. The effects of catalyst dosage, initial pH and MO concentration on the removal efficiency were studied, and the photocatalytic reaction kinetics of MO degradation as well. The results indicated that Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the removal of MO in aqueous solutions. For example, the removal efficiency of MO by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I was as high as 92% within 12 h visible light irradiation under the optimal conditions: initial MO concentration of 5-10 mg L⁻¹, catalyst dosage of 6 g L⁻¹ and natural pH (6-8), the MO molecules could be completely degradated by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I within 40 min under UV light irradiation, and the photodegradation efficiency reaches to 60% after 7 h solar irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) was also investigated under visible light irradiation. It is found that 99% BPA could be mineralized by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I after 16 h visible light irradiation. Through HPLC/MS, BOD, TOC, UV-Vis measurements, we determined possible degradation products of MO and BPA. The results indicated that MO was degradated into products which are easier to be biodegradable and innocuous treated, and BPA could be mineralized completely. Furthermore, the possibility for the photosensitization effect in the degradation process of MO under visible light irradiation has been excluded.     

黄原胶辐射接枝共聚物对Cd^2＋的吸附研究

利用^60Co-γ为辐射源,在氮气保护下对黄原胶（XG）和丙烯酰胺（AM）进行共辐射,制备黄原胶/丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物（XG-g-AM）。研究了XG-g-AM对Cd^2＋的吸附行为,利用红外光谱（IR）、热重分析（TGA）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）对接枝共聚物及吸附产物进行表征。结果表明：XG-g-AM对Cd^2＋离子吸附等温线符合Freund lich等温方程,吸附Cd^2＋使XG-g-AM结晶结构被进一步破坏,结晶度下降。25℃下,Cd^2＋浓度20 mmol/L时,吸附时间100 m in,平衡吸附量为0.835mmol/g。     

The use of respirometric measurements to determine the toxicity of textile dyes in aqueous solution and after oxidative decolourisation processes

Selected results from the degradation of reactive-dye hydrolysates after UV irradiation, ozonation and sodium peroxodisulphate (NaPS) treatment are presented. Reactive dyes with representative chromophores and anchor groups were chosen for the research project. Different stages of oxidative decolourisation were examined and determined by water parameters for biological degradation (BOD). The paper focuses on toxicity tests with Pseudomonas putida to consider whether the oxidative treatments result in products with a risk for the environment. Tests were performed with the AQUALYTIC^® Sensomat System, which measures biological oxygen demand (BOD). It was determined that the chosen oxidative treatments had as a rule no bearing on respiration of P. putida. Experiments with hydrolysates after short-term UV irradiation resulted in a slightly increased but not long-lasting toxicity in comparison with treatments with ozone or NaPS. Toxic effects were found in tests with hydrolysates of metalliferous dyes. During oxidative treatment, metals were liberated from the chromophores. This did cause complete inhibition of respiration of P. putida. Dye Blue E, a member of a dye class with chlorotriazine anchor groups, was itself found to be toxic, caused by the reactivity of the anchor group. The hydrolysate is only of minor toxicity.     

干介质微波辐射加热法合成蒽醌的研究

采用干介质为催化剂,微波辐射加热合成蒽醌反应速度快,产率高,污染小,是一种很有研究与应用价值的清洁生产方法。笔者通过正交试验观测了微波辐照条件下合成蒽醌的最佳反应条件,着重研究了邻苯甲酰苯甲酸环化脱水缩合生成蒽醌的产率与微波功率、微波辐照时间、邻苯甲酰苯甲酸与催化剂配比、热浴物质混合配比间的关系。      

A cleaner two-step synthesis of high purity diallyldimethylammonium chloride monomers for flocculant preparation

In order to improve the flocculation efficiency of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride（PDADMAC）, high molecular weight PDADMAC should be prepared from high purity diallyldimethylammonium chloride（DADMAC） monomers. In this paper, a cleaner method with microwave irradiation and alkali solidification was proposed for preparing high pure DADMAC by selective heating under low temperature, and the prepared high purity DADMAC is characterized using FTIR and atomic absorption spectrometry. The new method provides a solution to the key technical problem of PDADMAC synthesis. Comparing with the conventional methods, the results showed that the advantages of the novel synthesis include： （a） high purity DADMAC is improved from 57% to 71% ; （b） reaction time of tertiary amine preparation is shortened from 6 h to 7 min; （c） water instead of acetone was used as reaction medium; （d） toxic by-products, wastewater and waste gas are eliminated. Flocculant made from the synthesized high purity DADMAC monomers was proved more efficient in flocculation tests.     

Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces under UV irradiation

Photolysis of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soil surfaces may play an important role in the fate of PAHs in the environment.Photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces under UV irradiation was investigated.The effects of oxygen,irradiation intensity and soil moisture on the degradation of the three PAHs were observed.The results showed that oxygen,soil moisture and irradiation intensity enhanced the photolysis of the three PAHs on soil surfaces.The degradation of the three PAHs on soil surfaces is related to their absorption spectra and the oxidation-half-wave potential.The photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces in the presence of oxygen followed pseudo first-order kinetics.The photolysis half-lives ranged from 37.87 days for benzo[a]pyrene to 58.73 days for phenanthrene.The results indicate that photolysis is a successful way to remediate PAHs-contaminated soils.