再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

微波辐射烟杆氯化锌法制造活性炭工艺

提出了利用烟杆废料制造活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验法对影响活性炭性能的因素,如微波辐射的功率、辐射时间、氯化锌浓度等进行了系统研究,得到了最佳工艺条件:微波辐射功率750 W,辐射时间7 min,氯化锌浓度为50%,利用该工艺条件所制备活性炭的产率为34.7%,亚甲蓝脱色力为17 mL/0.1 g,碘吸附值为1 093.4 mg/g.对比该活性炭与市售一级活性炭的微观结构,发现其具有更发达的微观孔隙结构.同传统方法相比,微波辐射法缩短了工艺时间,提高了产品性能.     

Graft Copolymers, for Erodible Resins, from α-Hydroxyacids Oligomers Macromonomers and Acrylic Monomers

Environmental concerns result in a progressive withdrawal of antifouling paints containing organotin derivatives. The nature of the binders is critical with regard to the erosion of the protecting film through factors such as bond cleavage, dissolution, and diffusion of the degradation products. The versatility of acrylic polymers, due to the possibility of varying their chemical structure had conducted, in the first stage, to combine different types of repeating units in the macromolecular backbone. Formulation and evaluation, in natural sites, of these binders, with a well-defined hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and with hydrolyzable pendant groups, have shown the possibility to prepare new organotin free resins which can be formulated and which are erodible in seawater over a long period (more than 2 years). A further step has been engaged with the development of graft copolymers containing biocompatible and hydrolyzable oligomers of -hydroxyacids. Their preparation requires the synthesis of -methacryloyloxyoligo--hydroxyacid macromonomers. Copolymers prepared from a mixture of the macromonomer and of an alkyl ester of acrylic acid were formulated with a biocide and deposited on a plate. Their ability to release cuprous oxide, as a model molecule, has been checked and quantified by the inductively coupled plasma analytical method. The uptake of water in the paint, which is enhanced by the hydrolysis of -hydroxyacid oligomers, as determined by the enzymatic measurement of liberated L-lactic acid, conducts to the polymer erosion and to a protecting bioactive surface.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

紫外诱变筛选高效氧化亚铁硫杆菌

为了取得高效氧化亚铁硫杆菌（T.f菌）,采用紫外线诱变处理,对照射1.5 min,3 min,5 min的菌株进行实验测试,结果表明,T.f3将Fe^2＋完全氧化由7 d缩短为5 d,并且在较低SO3^2-浓度范围内,Fe2＋浓度与SO3^2-的氧化速率呈正相关性,但当菌液浓度一定时,增加Fe2＋浓度,SO3^2-的氧化速率不会明显增加。     

酸碱预处理对常压微波辐射剩余活性污泥磷释放的影响

考察了污泥酸、碱预处理在常压微波处理过程中对碳、氮、磷释放的影响.结果表明,NaOH预处理将污泥磷释放率从28.8%提高到59.1%,但同时引起了碳、氮的大量释放.同碱预处理相比,硫酸预处理能够将常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷的释放率提高3倍,达到84.5%,并可达到选择性释放碳、氮、磷的效果（氮和COD释放少,而磷释放显著）,有利于后续的磷回收.优化试验表明,pH为2.1～2.2是常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷释放的最佳硫酸预处理条件.     

有机胺插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B的吸附性能研究

在微波辅助下对四钛酸进行了有机胺插层,获得了正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六胺插层四钛酸材料,研究了3种层状物质作为吸附剂,pH﹑震荡时间﹑吸附剂用量等因素对直接湖蓝5B偶氮染料吸附的影响,确定了3种材料吸附的最佳条件。研究表明:微波有机胺插层四钛酸材料具有优良的吸附性能,pH=1.0时,正辛胺插层四钛酸用量为0.8 g/L﹑振荡时间40 min,正十二胺插层材料和正十六插层材料用量为0.4 g/L﹑振荡时间分别30 min和50 min时,吸附脱色效果最好。随染料浓度增大,温度升高,插层四钛酸材料会发生板层分离,表现为常规的物理吸附过程。在50℃时,正辛胺﹑正十二胺﹑正十六插层四钛酸对直接湖蓝5B染料的吸附量分别达到636 mg/g﹑3 349 mg/g﹑2 856 mg/g。     

重离子辐照1200V碳化硅二极管漏电退化的缺陷分析

目的研究1200 V碳化硅二极管重离子辐照诱生缺陷对漏电流退化的影响。方法以SiC结势垒肖特基二极管(Junction Barrier Schottky Diode,JBSD)为样品,采用能量为208 MeV,LET=37.3 MeV·cm^2/mg的锗离子进行辐照试验,利用半导体器件分析仪对重离子辐照前后1200 V SiC二极管的电学特性进行测试,利用深能级瞬态谱仪(Deep Level Transient Spectrum,DLTS)进行缺陷分析。结果辐照后,二极管的正向IV特性和CV特性未发生明显变化,反向IV特性退化。DLTS测试结果显示,E0.4能级和Z1/Z2能级基本未发生变化,EH能级有展宽的现象。测试电压VM=-8 V,填充脉冲电压VF=-1 V条件下测得的EH能级浓度比VF=-4 V条件下测得的高。结论分析认为,EH能级的缺陷复杂,推测是两个或多个缺陷能级的叠加(EH4、EH5、EH6、EH7等),此处缺陷的复杂程度与漏电流的退化成正相关,且这些缺陷的所在位置接近SiC外延层的表面。     

空间粒子辐射环境下石墨膜力学性能的演变规律

目的将石墨膜置于9×10^5~9×10^7 rad(Si)总剂量下获得辐射改性石墨膜材料,探讨空间粒子辐射作用下石墨膜拉伸强度的演变规律。方法采用SEM、XRD、煅烧分析及XPS等手段分析石墨膜的结构及成分。结果石墨膜为有序堆积的层状结构,层间距为0.3355 nm,碳的质量分数高达99.75%,挥发分的质量分数为0.04%,灰分的质量分数为0.21%,XPS只检测到C1s及O1s峰。石墨膜的平均热膨胀系数为负值,且其峰值仅为-1.33×10^-6/℃,具备出色的结构稳定性。空间粒子辐射环境模拟试验表明,随着辐射剂量的升高,石墨膜的拉伸强度逐渐衰减,在更高剂量辐射下,石墨膜的拉伸强度趋向稳定。通过Raman光谱仪对辐射石墨膜结构的分析,揭示了力学性能的演变机理。结论辐射石墨膜的拉伸强度与其缺陷含量有很大的相关性,未经过辐射的原始石墨膜的缺陷含量最低,其拉伸强度最大,随着石墨膜的缺陷含量逐渐增多,其拉伸强度逐渐降低。     

改性玉米秸秆材料的制备及吸油性能的研究

以粉末状玉米秸秆(Raw corn stalks,RCS)为基体,甲基丙烯酸丁酯和苯乙烯为单体,采用悬浮聚合法制备高吸油复合材料(Butylmethacrylate and styrene grafted corn stalks,BMS-CS).实验确定的最佳制备条件为:在50℃,引发剂硝酸铈铵为2.0mmol·L-1,单体甲基丙烯酸丁酯和苯乙烯浓度分别为0.6mol·L-1、0.012mol·L-1,交联剂N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺质量分数为0.1%(相对于RCS的质量)的前提下反应25h.同时,实验考察了吸附时间、吸附温度及保油时间等对材料吸油性能的影响,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射和扫描电镜对改性前后样品的结构进行表征.结果表明,BMS-CS表面变得粗糙且呈毛刺状,具有较多不规则的褶皱;结晶度的下降也印证了粗糙度的增加;红外图谱中新出现的酯基和苯乙烯基的吸收峰说明亲油单体被接枝到RCS表面;两种原因共同促进了改性材料吸油性能的增加.吸油数据显示,常温下RCS和BMS-CS的吸油量分别为5.23g·g-1和20.12g·g-1,后者是前者的3.85倍,即改性后的材料吸油性能明显增加.