二次电池电极材料环境影响计算系统

以生命周期评价理论为基础,建立了电极材料电化学性能与环境影响的内在量化关联关系分析方法。基于Java语言,设计和编写了二次电池电极材料环境影响综合计算系统,协调考虑了二次电池的循环特性、电化学特征等,实现了环境影响评价过程中对材料质量需求的便捷计算,进而实现了整个评价操作过程的综合化、软件化和信息化,提高了评价效率。选用LiFePO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)PO_4/C,LiFe_(0.98)Mn_(0.02)PO_4/C和FeF_3(H_2O)_3/C 4种正极材料基于此系统进行了实例应用。     

城市生活垃圾的生命周期管理

根据国际标准化组织１９９７ 年颁布的ＩＳＯ１４０００ 环境管理体系“生命周期评价—原则与框架”,本文对可持续城市生活垃圾生命周期管理进行研究,指出城市生活垃圾应在环境可持续性、经济可负担性及社会可接受性的原则基础上,通过垃圾的减量化、无害化、资源化和社会化管理,实现城市可持续发展的管理目标     

我国小康生活水平的测量尺度与标准

本文在分析我国经济、社会发展规划、目标和现代化进程的基础上,借鉴国际上的通用标准,并结合我国国情,提出了我国小康生活水平的测量标准,建立了由20个指标构成的小康生活水平指标体系。     

畜牧业“碳排放”到“碳足迹”核算方法的研究进展

全球变暖趋势日益加剧,不仅影响农业可持续发展,而且威胁到人类生存。畜牧业碳排放因其在农业碳排放中乃至全球碳排放中占比较大而日益备受关注。准确核算畜牧业碳排放是制定切实可行的碳减排政策的前提,也为我国在气候变化下承担共同但有差别的减排责任提供话语权。本文基于研究范式的演进,对畜牧业碳排放到碳足迹核算方法的研究发展进行了系统梳理,研究表明,在学者的不断研究与质疑下,畜牧业碳排放到碳足迹的核算方法经历了从OECD核算法、IPCC系数法到生命周期法与投入-产出法的演变与完善,学术界认为区域异质性、养殖规模与管理方式均影响碳足迹;散养比规模化养殖产生更多的碳排放,舍饲比户外放牧排放更多的碳。畜牧业碳足迹核算能够更加全面地反映畜牧业全生命周期的碳排放情况,但由于研究假设、研究方法及研究样本等差异导致不同区域、不同畜产品的碳排放核算结果存在不确定性。运用生命周期法和投入-产出法对欧盟成员国畜牧业碳排放的核算结果基本一致,但运用IPCC系数法和全生命周期法对中国畜牧业碳排放核算中,牛、猪和羊的碳排放量排序结果不尽一致。鉴于核算结果的差异性,本研究对不同核算方法的起源、最早采用时间、特点、局限性等方面进行了归纳总结,并建议后续研究探讨基于生命周期评价的畜牧业碳足迹研究边界的延伸性,标准化畜牧业碳排放或碳足迹核算,避免学者重复核算畜牧业碳排放,以便深入展开畜牧业碳排放其他方面的研究。     

Proposing of new building scheme and composite towards global warming mitigation for Malaysia

The building sector has been regarded as a potential sector where there is large capacity to reduce the climate change effect. This study has proposed solutions to mitigate environmental impacts and achieve low CO₂ emission from residential sector. Therefore, full life cycle assessment (LCA) has been run to assess the CO₂ emission and its effect on the atmosphere and climate change. Based on the result, timber scheme is the best choice due to releasing less CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. However, house builders in Malaysia have almost completely neglected timber as a building material, with timber use as building components reduced to 5%. In this study, LCA Software was used to assess CO₂ emissions from different wall construction. The alternative building scheme has been made by reinforce steel stud, wooden beam and timber wall (S8) to improve the scheme deficiency while releasing less CO₂ emissions compared to other schemes. Therefore, S8 has a decreased CO₂ effect by 85% less than precast concrete frame and 90% less than brick over their lifetime. (S8) increased the load bearing compared to conventional timber beam. Thus, new scheme S8 could be replaced by current scheme and promote more adjustable scheme for Malaysian housing.     

从生命周期评价看白色污染治理

本文论述了我国发泡PS餐盒及其替代品的发展状况和国内外的相关政策 ,采用生命周期评价的方法 ,讨论了从原料开采、生产加工、使用 ,到回收或废弃全过程不同产品的环境负荷 ,指出简单替代并不能真正解决污染问题 ,而PS餐盒的回收再利用更有益于治理白色污染和保护环境     

Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L^?1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.     

西北生态脆弱区畜禽粪污处理技术综合评价

畜禽粪污处理技术在不同地区适用性有较大差异。为全面、客观、科学地筛选出适宜西北地区的畜禽粪污处理技术,将生命周期评价、费用效益评价与层次分析法耦合,从技术、经济、气候、直接环境影响与间接环境影响5个方面,建立了包含18项指标的西北生态脆弱区畜禽粪污处理技术评价体系;以兰州市畜禽粪污处理技术为例,分析好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵、垫料利用3种处理技术的适用性。结果表明：兰州市畜禽粪污处理技术适用性综合排序为垫料利用（72.21分）>好氧堆肥（71.55分）>厌氧发酵（68.79分）,垫料利用技术更适宜在西北地区推广;垫料利用技术环境友好性明显优于厌氧发酵和好氧堆肥技术;使用好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵技术处理畜禽粪污可为养殖场增加额外收益。该研究可为西北地区畜禽粪污处理技术模式构建和优化提供指导。

     

ABS废水中芳香类污染物在微电解处理前后的荧光特征变化

为了分解转化ABS树脂生产废水中的难降解有毒污染物并提高废水的可生化性,采用铁炭微电解系统对废水进行预处理,并利用三维荧光光谱快速检测分析废水中芳香类污染物的分解转化。结果表明,在进水pH为4.0条件下,铁炭微电解系统连续稳定运行30 d后,ABS废水COD_Cr和总荧光强度的去除率分别为53.27%和73.45%。进水pH直接影响废水COD_Cr去除率,其对COD_Cr去除率的影响由高到低依次为：pH=4.0,pH=6.0,pH=8.0。但是总荧光强度的去除率不符合该规律,不同进水pH条件下,总荧光强度去除率为73.45%~74.88%,即进水pH对铁炭微电解反应器分解转化芳香类化合物的影响较小。     

规模化养猪场生命周期环境影响评价

利用生命周期评价(LCA)方法建立规模化养猪场系统能源消耗和污染物排放清单,对系统生命周期不同阶段环境影响进行评价,通过评价找出降低环境影响的方法。研究了四个环境影响类型：能源消耗、富营养化、全球变暖和环境酸化,得出各类型环境影响指数分别为8.38×10^-3,1.91×10^-3,9.80×10^-3和2.01×10^-2;将系统生命周期分成饲料原料生产、生猪饲养和废物处理三个环节,得出各环节环境影响综合指数分别为2.52×10^-2,1.23×10^-2和2.71×10^-3。结果表明,饲料原料生产环节的环境影响最大,因此,减少氮肥的使用量并在生产过程中实施节能和清洁生产,是控制规模化养猪场生命周期环境影响的关键。