珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.     

纳米ZnO对鲫鱼肝脏的毒性

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)腹腔注射不同浓度纳米ZnO(5mg·kg-1、12.5mg·kg-1、25mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1和125mg·kg-1,以鲫鱼体重计)14d后,研究了鲫鱼肝脏中的自由基(ROS)强度变化、氧化应激反应及其毒性机制.结果表明:纳米ZnO显著诱导鲫鱼肝脏自由基产生;自由基信号强度和脂质过氧化物(MDA)随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势;而还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和GSH/GSSG随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先降低后升高趋势;纳米ZnO的毒性主要表现在引起鲫鱼肝脏氧化损伤,其毒性机制为诱导鲫鱼肝脏产生活性氧自由基.     

用盐桥支撑双分子层脂膜模拟研究锌离子跨细胞膜输运

采用盐桥支撑技术制备镶嵌胆固醇的双分子层卵磷脂(脑磷脂)膜,用以模拟细胞膜.用正辛烷做溶剂,对不同卵磷脂(脑磷脂)与胆固醇配比进行制膜,膜的稳定性均超过100h.实验发现,纯脂质体不能输运重金属离子,胆固醇能输运重金属离子.胆固醇与重金属离子之间存在吸附作用,无化学反应.采用电化学工作站对双分子层脂膜的稳定性、离子通透性、双层膜中胆固醇对离子通透性的影响等进行了研究,并利用实验制备的双分子层脂膜模拟研究锌离子跨细胞膜的输运过程,建立了锌离子跨细胞膜的吸附-扩散模型,该模型计算值与实验值基本吻合.     

Sub-chronic oral toxicity of acetamiprid in Wistar rats

Acetamiprid is a neoncotinoid insecticide that acts as an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor used as insecticide in crops and to control fleas on dogs and cats. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of orally administered acetamiprid, (2) to estimate the tissue residue levels and (3) to assess the reactive oxygen species induction in Wistar rats. Clinical signs of toxicity and changes in the haematological parameters were not observed in the acetamiprid-treated groups. Biochemically, increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol and decreases in body weight, feed consumption, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and AchE were observed. Lipid peroxidation was increased in liver and kidney. Acetamiprid residues persisted in liver, kidney, spleen, muscles, brain, fat and histopathology revealed lesions in the liver. The no observable adverse effect level of acetamiprid was found to be ≤55 mg/kg body weight.     

Antioxidant and modulatory role of Chlorophytum borivilianum against arsenic induced testicular impairment

Arsenic has a suppressive influence on spermatogenesis and induces impairment in male reproductive system due to oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to test the arsenic induced toxicity and protection by Chlorophytum borivilianum. The effect of sodium arsenite (4 mg/(kg body weight (bw). day)) via double distilled water without or with C. borivilianum (800 mg/(kg bw. day)) was evaluated in Swiss albino mice for 30 days. The radical scavenging activity of the aqueous C. borivilianum root extract was measured using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrayzyl) radical. Qualitative assessment of various cell types in the testis, sperm count and motility, testicular activity of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), acid and alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and serum testosterone were monitored. Arsenic treatment showed a significant increase in LPO, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, GSH and serum testosterone. Combined treatment showed significant decrease in LPO, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and elevation in sperm count, sperm motility, GSH and serum testosterone. Testicular histopathology showed that C. borivilianum had reduced degeneration of germ cell in the seminiferous tubules and loss of sperms induced by arsenic intoxication. The results thus led us to conclude that administration of C. borivilianum root extract is found to be protective against arsenic induced toxicity.     

Impaired behavior and changes in some biochemical markers of bivalve (Ruditapes decussatus) due to zinc toxicity

Susceptibility and response of bivalves, the clam Ruditapes decussatus, to zinc (Zn) were studied by monitoring behavior using valve movement and some biochemical parameters. The LC₅₀ was 4.1 mg L^?1 at 7 days. Depuration of Zn from their tissues was also followed. Accumulation of Zn increased with concentration and duration of exposure. After 20 days, Zn caused impairment of valve movement as well as the antioxidant system, decreasing glutathione and protein levels and increasing the lipid peroxidation which is indicative of oxidative damage. Results suggested that behavior and biochemical parameters of clam R. decussatus were sensitive and suitable responses for assessing the effects of Zn on the aquatic ecosystems. It could be concluded that there is a time–dose–response relationship of Zn with behavior and oxidative stress of R. decussatus.     

Variation of antioxidant biomarkers in the edible oyster Saccostrea cucullata collected from three different water bodies of Sundarbans

Variations of antioxidant biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were studied in edible part of mangrove oyster Saccostrea cucullata, collected from three different water bodies, such as Namkhana (S-I), Frazergaunge (S-II) and Sajnekhali (S-III) of Indian Sundarbans which are exposed to different degrees of anthropogenic activity. The study was conducted for consecutive two years (2010 and 2011) in the respective water bodies. Characteristics of biomarkers in oyster from the two polluted water bodies, i.e. S-I and S-II, are similar in nature in comparison to less polluted site (S-III). The catalase, superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation in oyster flesh exhibit significant (p<0.01) spatial and temporal variation among the three stations. Oysters from S-I were significantly higher (p<0.05) in antioxidant enzyme activities than oysters from S-III, which differ in their amount of pollution sources. Maximum antioxidant enzymes activity of all collected samples were recorded in pre-monsoon time and decreased in monsoon season. But maximum lipid peroxidation was noted during monsoon followed by post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.     

Baseline activities of four biomarkers in three life-stages of the amphipod,Leptocheirus plumulosus

This study investigated differences in baseline levels of four cellular biomarkers (glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPx), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cholesterol (CHL)) in the larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. Glutathione, LPx, and AChE exhibited the same pattern of decreasing levels with increasing developmental stage. Cholesterol showed an inverse relationship of increasing levels with increasing developmental stages. This research provides valuable background information that may be used in future assessments of amphipod biomarker research.     

Endosulfan acute toxicity and histomorphological alterations in Jenynsia multidentata (Anablepidae,Cyprinodontiformes)

Toxicity tests using adult specimens of Jenynsia multidentata were carried out during 96 hours in order to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan. Histological alterations were determined in gills and liver. Gill damage was quantified as secondary lamellae thickness. The 96 hr LC50 values were significantly different between males (0.719 μ g.L^{? 1}) and females (1.317 μg.L^{? 1}). The sex difference was attributed to the dimorphism in the lipid content in females (2.16%) and males (1.79%). Histological alterations in gills included hypertrophy and lifting of the epithelium of the secondary lamellae and aneurisms. These alterations caused a significant increase of the secondary lamellae thickness in treatment versus control fish. Finally, reversible histological alterations (such as hydropic degeneration and dilation of sinusoids) were observed in the liver of exposed fish as well as an irreversible change such as necrosis at the highest concentrations.     

Organophosphate dichlorvos induced dose‐related differential alterations in lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in various regions of the fish brain and spinal cord

Abstract

The effect of dichlorvos (DDVP) (0–0, dimethyl 2: 2‐dichlorovinyl phosphate), on various lipid fractions and lipid peroxidation in the discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord were studied in the fresh water teleost (Heteropneustes fossilis). Fishes were exposed to three different doses (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 ppm) of DDVP daily for 7 days. Dose‐related increase in the levels of total lipids, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was detected in the fore brain, optic lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. However, phospholipids were significantly decreased in the aforementioned regions of the central nervous system. The rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in all the regions of the CNS.