溶剂萃取法对苯甲酸废水预处理的研究

甲苯液相空气氧化法生产苯甲酸废水的成分复杂,属生物难降解体系,COD_Cr值高达20000～100000mg/L.本研究分别采用磷酸三丁酯、三烷基胺、三烷基氧膦为络合剂,正辛醇为助溶剂,煤油为稀释剂,通过萃取-反萃的方式,对苯甲酸废水进行处理.结果表明,多级错流萃取能有效地回收溶质苯甲酸,将原废水的COD_Cr值降低至1/6,使之满足其它末端处理的要求,而且反萃工艺简单易行,可生产苯甲酸盐,溶剂可重复使用.     

北京工业废水和城市污水环境激素污染状况调查

利用固相萃取前处理技术和高效液相色谱、气相色谱方法,分析研究北京地区重点污染源排水(包括工业废水和城市污水)中主要环境激素(邻苯二甲酸酯、有机氯农药、有机氮农药、有机磷农药、菊酯类农药、烷基酚和双酚A)的残留状况. 调查分析了分布在北京市10个区县的污水处理厂、化工行业、冶金焦化行业、医院及其洗涤中心、印钞行业、食品加工行业和制药行业等7类22个单位排水中的8种邻苯二甲酸酯,17种有机氯农药,7种有机氮和有机磷农药,4种菊酯类农药,4种烷基酚及双酚A共40种环境激素类物质的质量浓度. 并着重分析了污水处理厂进、出水中的环境激素的浓度水平. 结果表明,北京地区工业废水和城市污水中广泛存在着环境激素污染,但其质量浓度并未超过现行排放标准.      

硫酸锰废渣浸出毒性及淋溶特性研究

长沙市兴镇13家硫酸锰厂的生产废渣使当地的生态环境造受到了严重破坏。本文在废渣浸出毒性实验、渣柱淋滤实验以及废渣的全分析基础上,全面地研究了废渣的组成、浸出毒性大小以及在当地酸沉降条件下的淋滤特征,为其安全处置提供了理论基础。研究证明,废渣中重金属种类多、含量高,尤其是锰,高达138800mg/kg。渣的浸出毒性虽未达到国家规定的危险废物鉴别标准,但远超过了《污水综合排放标准》,其衰减可用负指数方程来描述。在酸雨淋溶下,渣中的锰离子会在短时期内大量释放后,维持在一相对较低水平长期释放,对环境威胁巨大。     

通信信号调制识别技术研究

针对通信信号调制方式识别问题,提出了采用高阶累积量与信号瞬时特征相结合提取通信信号特征参数的方法,并讨论了利用获得的特征参数进行模拟、数字通信信号调制方式识别的方法和过程。实验结果表明,该方法对通信信号调制方式有很好的识别效果。     

Inclusive development,oil extraction and climate change: a multilevel analysis of Kenya

There has been considerable research on North–South issues on climate change; however, little work has been done on how the recent discovery of oil in some developing countries could affect North–South relations, the prospects for development for the South, climate change and local socio-environmental issues. Using the theory of inclusive development, the concept of the Right to Development, and their relation to stranded assets, this paper addresses the question: what does inclusive development imply at the national and global level in dealing with oil extraction in the context of climate change? Based on a literature review and a layered case study of Kenya, this paper concludes that (a) Kenyans argue that Kenya has a right to extract and use oil resources and that rich countries should reduce their extraction and use; (b) such a claim could be integrated in an appropriate emissions trading scheme; and that (c) Kenya should also account for the national and local socioecological aspects to reduce potential local conflict, yet the conditions favoring inclusive development are not yet established. However, such an argument may also lead to perverse results. If addressing climate change requires phasing out fossil fuels, this argument may lead to stranded assets in both developed and developing countries, and may ironically leave developing countries poorer off as stranded assets are possibly more expensive than having stranded resources.     

Optimization of process parameters of extraction of lotaustralin from the roots of Rhodiola rosea L using supercritical CO2 plus modifier

Lotaustralin from the root of Rhodiola rosea L was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with methanol as modifier. Response surface methodology using Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized to explore parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The effects of various values of temperatures (50–70 °C), pressures (200--400 bar), and percentages of methanol modifier (80%–100%) on the extraction yields of lotaustralin were evaluated. Extract identification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental data obtained were fitted to second-order polynomial equations and assessed using analysis of variance. The highest yields predicted from the experiments were 2.05 g kg^?1 lotaustralin at the optimal values, i.e. temperature 65 °C, pressure 316 bar, 88% methanol modifier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min^?1, and dynamic extraction time 90 min.     

基于体积应变含瓦斯煤增透率模型及采动响应研究

为获得含瓦斯煤开采过程中渗透率的采动响应规律,从孔隙率的基本定义出发,通过引入增透率来反映单位体积改变下煤体渗透率的变化,建立了基于体积应变的含瓦斯煤增透率模型。基于增透率模型,结合工程实例采用Comsol Multiphysics模拟了含瓦斯煤开采过程中增透率的变化规律,并开展了增透率采动响应的试验研究。研究结果表明:增透率模型可对采动裂隙网络形成的煤层透气性进行定量评价研究,采动是影响含瓦斯煤增透率的关键因素,受采动影响,煤体体积应变、增透率的变化规律均基本一致,煤体膨胀变形、增透率随采煤工作面的推进逐渐增大,增透率的变化滞后于体积应变的变化,且越靠近工作面煤层增透效果和瓦斯抽采效果越好;沿煤层倾向,回风巷侧最大瓦斯抽采量大于运输巷侧,煤体增透率亦大于运输巷侧。依据增透率的采动响应规律调整瓦斯抽采孔与工作面的角度,可增加抽采量,降低工作面瓦斯浓度。     

基于知识与规则的土地利用信息分层提取研究——以南京市都市区为例

为了克服利用统一分类模型难以有效提高土地利用分类精度的问题,为土地利用/覆被定性、定量信息的提取提供一种高精度、高效率的提取方法,将分层信息提取法和基于知识规则的信息提取方法相结合,基于对南京市都市区的土地利用时空特点和研究区TM影像数据中各地类波谱信息的分析,结合了地类提取指数模型、DEM数据、城市建成区边界等,充分利用地学先验知识,设计了一套土地信息分层提取的流程,对土地利用信息进行了提取。利用该方法对2012年南京市都市区的土地利用/土地覆被信息提取的总体精度达到了88.67%,Kappa系数达到了0.85。实践证明,基于知识与规则的土地利用信息分层提取方法提取精度较高,适用性强,对其他地区的土地利用/覆被信息分类提取也有一定的借鉴意义。     

水质农残测定中萃取液的选择研究

在农药残留分析的前处理技术中,液液萃取还占有很大的比重。如何合理、有效地选择萃取溶液,以达到在获得高回收率、高准确度和高精密度的同时,还能够保证该萃取液不会对环境造成二次污染,对实验人员无危害的目的,一直是大家所关心的问题。本文以13种农药为目标物质,以4种实验室常用的、危害小的溶剂体系作为萃取液,研究了在不同的极性条件下农药的溶出效率,以针对不同的项目来选取合适的萃取溶液。     

Chemically modified silica gel with 1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone: Synthesis, characterization and application as an efficient and reusable solid phase extractant for selective removal of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly-ash samples

1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone functionalized silica gel was synthesized and used as a highly efficient, selective and reusable solid phase extractant for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of Zn(II) from environmental matrices. The adsorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis,¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The dependence of zinc extraction on various analytical parameters such as pH, type and amount of eluent, sample flow rate and interfering ions were investigated in detail. The material exhibited superior adsorption efficiency for Zn(II) with high metal loading capacity of 1.0 mmol/g under optimum conditions. After adsorption, the recovery (> 98%) of metal ions was accomplished using 1.0 mol/L HNO₃ as an eluent. The sorbent was also regenerated by microwave treatment in milder acidic environment (0.1 mol/L HNO₃). The lower detection limit and preconcentration factor of the present method were found out to be 0.04 μg/L and 312.5 respectively. The modified silica surface possessed excellent selectivity for the target analytes and the adsorption/desorption process remained effective for at least ten consecutive cycles. The optimized procedure was successfully implemented for the extraction of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly ash and pharmaceutical samples with reproducible results.