污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为

研究通过模拟土柱淋溶实验来研究污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明污泥土地利用会明显增加土壤中铜的总量,但大部分集中在40 cm以上的土壤中。通过BCR连续提取法发现,经淋溶后耕作层（0 cm~30 cm）土壤中的铜仍然以残渣态为主（占50%以上）,但能被植物利用的酸溶/可交换态和可还原态铜有了明显的增加。与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨（pH=4.5）会使土壤中铜的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。     

Effects of 5-year application of municipal solid waste compost on the distribution and mobility of heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil

It is obvious that the application of solid waste compost improves the soil fertility. These wastes, however, may also have some negative effects on the agricultural environment due to their metal content. This research aimed at evaluating the influence of Tunisian municipal solid waste compost and farmyard manure on some chemical properties and the distribution of heavy metals in a calcareous Tunisian soil (clayey–loamy soil). A field plot experiment, without vegetation, was installed since 1999 at the experimental farm of the Agronomic National Institute of Tunis (INAT) in the region of Mornag (20 km south of Tunis, Tunisia). During 5 years, the field received yearly the following treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 t/ha of municipal solid waste compost and 0, 40 and 120 t/ha of manure. The fractionation of heavy metals in the soil was evaluated after 5 years using a sequential extraction procedure. The application of the two amendments was found to increase the content of organic matter, the total nitrogen content and the electrical conductivity, whereas it slightly decreased the soil pH. The addition of manure did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, whereas compost application increased the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil. The distribution of heavy metals between the different fractions in untreated and treated soils showed the residual fraction to be dominant, followed by the fraction bound to Fe and Mn oxides. The amount of Cu bound to the organic fraction increased with the application rate, which is probably caused by the formation of organic complexes. For the other metals, the increase of the association with organic matter is very limited. The application of compost moreover increases the amount of Zn associated with Fe and Mn oxides. The “Mobility Factor (MF)” was quite low and did not change after the 5-year application of the two organic amendments. It always remained lower than 10%, although for Cd it amounted to 17%.     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from di erent zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five di erent land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated according to the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The high metal concentration levels were detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy tra c. While the low metal levels were noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) > Cu (73.34%) > Mn (67.92%) > Co (41.66%) > Ni (30.36%) > Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, tra c, and industry.     

粒度对煤矸石活化效率的影响

煤矸石煅烧活化是煤矸石为原料提取铝、硅等化工原料的重要环节,煤矸石破碎粒度对煅烧活化效率有重要影响。文章以山西潞安的煤矸石为原料,利用煅烧活化-酸溶法提取煤矸石中的铝,研究了粒度对煤矸石活化效率的影响。实验确定铝溶出的较优工艺条件为:煅烧温度650℃、20%盐酸225mL/100g煤矸石、固液比1:3、酸浸时间3h,在此工艺条件下研究矸石粒度对铝和铁溶出的影响。结果表明:物料粒度对活化效果影响显著,当物料粒度为60～80目时,铝的溶出率最大达到79%;物料与空气充分接触有利于提高活化效果,动态煅烧活化效率显著高于静态煅烧,粒度对煅烧效果产生的重要影响很大程度来源于空气接触比表面积。     

Determination of haloacetic acids in hospital e uent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction （SPE） method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a class of disinfection by-products formed from chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples＇ turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L, respectively, and the other three acids are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid was the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

土壤修复与重金属回收中的超临界二氧化碳萃取技术

针对应用于污染土壤修复、重金属回收以及核废料处理领域的超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,重点阐述了该技术的国内外研究进展和最新动向,分析了超临界二氧化碳萃取用于上述领域与传统工艺相比的技术优势,并指出了今后应该着力解决的关键问题。     

快速溶剂萃取技术在环境监测中的应用

快速溶剂萃取（ASE）是固体物质中污染物检测的一种前处理方法,本文介绍了该技术的基本原理、特点及其在环境监测中的应用,将快速溶剂萃取法与其它前处理方法进行了比较,说明了此项技术的实用性。     

电增强环氧树脂基聚合物膜萃取水样中的硝基苯

以环氧树脂基聚合物膜为萃取相,在电场作用下富集目标物,与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用,应用于环境水样中硝基苯污染物的测定.考察了电压大小、萃取时间、洗脱时间、离子强度和溶液pH值对电增强萃取效率的影响.实验结果表明,环氧树脂基聚合物膜的萃取量与膜上所施加的控制电位相关,阴极极化时,膜对硝基苯的萃取量增大;在阳极极化时,膜萃取量减小.在电压为-0.3kV,硝基苯溶液pH=4的条件下,萃取20min,得到该方法的检出限为0.015μg·mL-1,在0.05～3.0μg·mL-1范围内具有良好的线性关系,可决系数为0.9929,变异系数小于5%.用上述方法分析鱼塘水,硝基苯3种不同加标水平的回收率为79.8%～108.2%.结果表明,该方法既可用于环境水样品中的硝基苯去除又可用于检测.     

Changes in the sorption, desorption, distribution, and availability of copper, induced by application of sewage sludge on Chilean soils contaminated by mine tailings

The effect of mine tailings and sewage sludge was evaluated on sorption, desorption, availability and distribution of copper in two soils, one high (sandy soil) and one low in copper (clay soil). In both soils contaminated by mine tailings the copper sorption capacity and the affinity of the substrate for the metal decreased substantially compared to the uncontaminated soils, however, the sorption remained always high in the clay soil substrates. In the substrates with sandy soil, the high Cu content and lower clay content were determining factors in the lower magnitude of the sorption. Similarly, metal desorption was closely related to these two parameters, and it was higher in clay soil with lower pH. In general, the application of sewage sludge favored the sorption of Cu in soils contaminated and uncontaminated with mine tailings, and in all cases desorption decreased, an effect that remained for at least 30 days. Simple extraction of Cu with CaCl2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gave contradictory results, so a careful choice of the procedure is required, depending on the level of metal in the soil and on the acting principle of the extracting agent. In that relation, more complete information on the changes in the metal forms was obtained by application of the sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference.     

利用秸秆微生物产絮凝剂的提取及性质分析

文章对一株利用秸秆粉——无机氮源培养基的细菌所产生的微生物絮凝剂进行了粗提和性质分析。该絮凝剂对于高岭土——氯化钙悬浊液的絮凝率达93.96%,效果较好。将该细菌接种在液体培养基中,于恒温摇床发酵培养,经测定,主要絮凝成分位于发酵液上清液中,对发酵液上清液进行热稳定性和pH稳定性实验,结果表明,该絮凝剂在室温25℃、pH为7条件下絮凝效果最好。采用乙醇法对发酵液上清液进行提取,即可得该微生物絮凝剂粗品。经Molish反应及茚三酮反应显色可知,该絮凝剂含有糖类及蛋白成分,经苯酚硫酸法测定其中糖含量占湿重的11.666%,经考马斯亮蓝法测定其中蛋白含量占湿重的0.586 4%,经薄层层析分析得,该微生物絮凝剂含有的主要糖类成分为阿拉伯糖。