Apparent diffusion coefficients and chemical species of neptunium (V) in compacted Na-montmorillonite

Diffusion of neptunium (V) in compacted Na-montmorillonite was studied through the non-steady state diffusion method. In this study, two experimental attempts were carried out to understand the diffusion mechanism of neptunium. One was to establish the diffusion activation energy, which was then used to determine the diffusion process in the montmorillonite. The other was the measurement of the distribution of neptunium in the montmorillonite by a sequential batch extraction. The apparent diffusion coefficients of neptunium in the montmorillonite at a dry density of 1.0 Mg m-3 were from 3.7 x 10(-12) m2 s-1 at 288 K to 9.2 x 10(-12) m2 s-1 at 323 K. At a dry density of 1.6 Mg m-3, the apparent diffusion coefficients ranged between 1.5 x 10(-13) m2 s-1 at 288 K and 8.7 x 10(-13) m2 s-1 at 323 K. The activation energy for the diffusion of neptunium at a dry density of 1.0 Mg m-3 was 17.5 +/- 1.9 kJ mol-1. This value is similar to those reported for diffusion of other ions in free water, e.g., 18.4 and 17.4 kJ mol-1 for Na+ and Cl-, respectively. At a dry density of 1.6 Mg.m-3, the activation energy was 39.8 +/- 1.9 kJ mol-1. The change in the activation energy suggests that the diffusion process changes depending on the dry density of the compacted montmorillonite. A characteristic distribution profile was obtained by the sequential extraction procedure for neptunium diffused in compacted montmorillonite. The estimated fraction of neptunium in the pore water was between 3% and 11% at a dry density of 1.6 Mg m-3 and at a temperature of 313 K. The major fraction of the neptunium in the montmorillonite was identified as neptunyl ions sorbed on the outer surface of the montmorillonite. These findings suggested that the activation energy for diffusion and the distribution profile of the involved nuclides could become powerful parameters in understanding the diffusion mechanism.     

烧结法提取沸腾炉渣中的铝和铁

近年来,热电厂和钢厂产生了大量的沸腾炉渣.这些炉渣不仅占用了大量的土地,还污染了土壤、地下水和大气.由于该沸腾炉渣中氧化铝的含量很高,因此,评估其氧化铝提取的可利用性是必要的.本文对内蒙古包头钢铁厂的沸腾炉渣进行了粒径分布试验和化学成分分析试验.X-荧光分析显示,该炉渣中SiO2含量为42.60%,Al2O3含量为32.60%,Fe2O3含量为2.43%,CaO含量为2.16%,K2O含量为0.74%,MgO含量为0.44%,Na2O含量为0.16%,TiO2含量为0.88%,还有一些其他痕量元素.将沸腾炉渣和石灰及精煤混合制成小球,然后在约1 000 ℃下烧结.取不同烧结时间的样品,用硫酸浸取,得到含铝离子和铁离子的溶液.试验结果表明,使用浓度为4 mol·L-1的硫酸,在80 ℃下浸取烧结球样品(质量比为50%沸腾炉渣:40%精煤:10%石灰),24 h可以得到铝和铁的最大提取率,分别为86.50%和94.60%.滤渣可以作为固化材料用于高速公路的路基建设或水泥生产中的添加剂.     

蜂蜜中氯霉素残留的检测及净化方法研究

建立了反相高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱法检测蜂蜜中氯霉素残留的方法.前处理采用改良的QuEChERS方法进行快速提取和净化.采用初级次级胺进行固相分散净化,可有效吸附蜂蜜中的糖类及有机色素等杂质.提取物在流动相甲醇:水(0.2%乙酸胺)=45:55(体积比)中,用整体色谱柱进行快速分离和质谱检测.并对MS检测中2种离子化方式(电喷雾ESI及大气压化学APCI)、各种离子化方式下正负离子模式及离子检测方法(总离子检测TIC和选择性离子监测MRM)进行了综合比较,最终确定采用电喷雾电离法(ESI)负离子模式、多反应离子监测(MRM)对氯霉素进行定性定量分析.在0.2～200μg/kgg添加浓度下,添加回收率水平在78%～93%间,变异系数在3.9%以下.该方法的检出限为0.1μg/kg,在0.1～100 μg/L浓度范围内,线性方程为y=58.753x 34867,相关系数R2=0.999 5.     

水中三嗪类除草剂的检测与分析质量控制

三嗪类除草剂作为预防农田杂草生长的除草剂在世界范围内广泛使用.由于水中农药残留浓度属痕量级,建立高效富集与分析方法非常重要.选取了6种三嗪类物质,建立了对水中痕量三嗪类物质的SPE-HPLC分析方法,并对其分析方法进行了质量保证与质量控制QA/QC研究.研究结果表明: 6种三嗪类物质的回收率在94%～116%之间,方法检测限在0.08～0.18 μg·L-1之间,方法重复性和检测限均能满足痕量分析及其质量控制的要求.3种水样的实际测试结果表明,在某河水中测得莠去津和扑草净的质量浓度分别为(5.28±0.43) μg·L-1和(7.12±0.54) μg·L-1.这说明该水体三嗪类农药的污染需受到重视.     

Determination of trichloroacetic acid in environmental studies using carbon 14 and chlorine 36

Radioisotopes carbon 14 and chlorine 36 were used to elucidate the environmental role of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) formerly taken to be a herbicide and a secondary air pollutant with phytotoxic effects. However, use of ¹⁴C-labeling posed again known analytical problems, especially in TCA extraction from the sample matrix. Therefore—after evaluation of available methods—a new procedure using decarboxylation of [1,2-¹⁴C]TCA combined with extraction of the resultant ¹⁴C-chloroform with a non-polar solvent and its subsequent radiometric measurement was developed. The method solves previous difficulties and permits an easy determination of amounts between 0.4 and 20 kBq (10–500 ng g⁻¹) of carrier-less [1,2-¹⁴C]TCA in samples from environmental investigations. The procedure is, however, not suitable for direct [³⁶Cl]TCA determination in chlorination studies with ³⁶Cl. Because TCA might be microbially degraded in soil during extraction and sample storage and its extraction from soil or needles is never complete, the decarboxylation method—i.e. 2 h TCA decomposition to chloroform and CO₂ in aqueous solution or suspension in closed vial at 90 °C and pH 4.6 with subsequent CHCl₃ extraction—is recommended here, estimated V < 7%. Moreover, the influence of pH and temperature on the decarboxylation of TCA in aqueous solution was studied in a broad range and its environmental relevance is shown in the case of TCA decarboxylation in spruce needles which takes place also at ambient temperatures and might amount more than 10–20% after a growing season. A study of TCA distribution in spruce needles after below-ground uptake shows the highest uptake rate into current needles which have, however, a lower TCA content than older needle-year classes, TCA biodegradation in forest soil leads predominatingly to CO₂.     

超临界流体萃取固体物料动力学模型的研究进展(英文)

文章总结与讨论了超临界流体萃取固体物料的动力学模型。这些动力学模型包括经验模型,基于热传递类推的模型以及基于微分质量平衡的模型。所有这些都有助于实现过程的数学模拟放大,有助于投资前的经济预算,有效减小投资风险,也可作为超临界流体萃取过程的研究手段,减少实验探索的工作量。     

硫化氢的强化分离及其对产酸脱硫生物反应系统的影响

在完全混合式产酸脱硫生物系统中,利用负压抽提法强化H2S的气液分离,以NaOH溶液吸收H2S气体。抽提装置实现对H2S自动、连续抽提与吸收,在60mmH2O柱负压力范围分离出H2S的量与抽提压力呈线性正相关。抽提作用可促进SRB对碳源底物的转化,显著提高硫化物的气/液比例,增加系统中硫化物的转化率。抽提后硫化物的气/液比例(摩尔比)由0044上升到061、分离出的H2S在硫化物总生成量中的比例由42%增加到356%,硫化物转化率由平均494%提高至610%。抽提作用可以提高系统的硫酸盐去除率和酸碱缓冲能力,同时可以纯化和浓缩H2S。     

太湖流域城镇形态的遥感信息提取模型研究

城市形态学在城市地理学的发展过程中占有重要地位，为战后城市地理学成为一门独立学科起了重要的推动作用。20世纪50年代后，因城市形态的研究没有取得突破性的进展，城市形态的研究似乎变成传统景观研究内容的一部分。20世纪80年代后，城市化、城市郊区化进程加快，城镇研究越来越受到重视，但城市地理学者在研究城镇之前必须对城乡进行划分，而城乡划分的基础是城市形态的信息提取，因而对城市形态的研究又得到重视，但城镇形态信息提取没有找到一个切实有效的方法。利用遥感技术，以太湖流域苏锡常地区为例，建立城镇形态信息的提取模型－仿归一化植被指数法，且通过对比监督分类法，说明仿归一化植被指数法提取城镇信息的特点，为城乡划分，城镇聚落结构，城市群等研究提供客观，简便的获取城镇信息的方法。     

Rapid detection of multiple class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge with ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

This work described the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for rapid detection of multiple-class pharmaceuticals in both municipal wastewater and sludge samples based on ultrasonic solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification. The results indicated that the developed method could effectively extract all the target pharmaceuticals （25） in a single process and analyze them within 24 min. The recoveries of the target pharmaceuticals were in the range of 69%-131% for wastewater and 54%-130% for sludge at different spiked concentration levels. The method quantification limits in wastewater and sludge ranged from 0.02 to 0.73 ng/L and from 0.02 to 1.00μg/kg, respectively. Subsequently, this method was validated and applied for residual pharma- ceutical analysis in a wastewater treatment plant located in Beijing, China. All the target pharmaceuticals were detected in the influent samples with concentrations varying from 0.09 ng/L （tiamulin） to 15.24 μg/L （caffeine）; meanwhile, up to 23 pharmaceuticals were detected in sludge samples with concentrations varying from 60 ng/kg （sulfamethizole） to 8.55 mg/kg （ofloxacin）. The developed method demonstrated its selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability for detecting multiple-class pharmaceuticals in complex matrices such as municipal wastewater and sludge.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中苯胺研究

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法对水中苯胺含量进行定性、定量分析.结果显示：苯胺含量在2 mg/L∽ 50 mg/L之间呈良好线性关系,回归方程为Y=8.852 5X-3.174 4,相关系数为0.99964,最低检出限为0.1mg/L,样品加标回收率在72.42％ ∽78.65％之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.53％ ∽4.11％ （n =7）.该方法操作简便、快捷,是水中苯胺含量快速而准确的检测方法.