Robustness of anammox granular sludge treating low-strength sewage under various shock loadings: Microbial mechanism and little N2O emission

With the increasing application of anammox for the treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater, application of anammox in municipal sewage has been gaining more attention. Sludge granulation in particular enhances the enrichment and retention of anammox bacteria in municipal sewage treatment systems. However, the performance of granular sludge under continuous and varying hydraulic loading shock remains little understood. In this study, the robustness of anammox granular sludge in treating low-strength municipal sewage under various shock loadings was investigated. Results showed that an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with anammox granules performed well, with anammox specific activity up to 0.28?kg?N/kg VSS/day and anti-loading shock capability up to 187.2?L/day during the 8-month testing period. The accumulation rate of N₂O (< 0.01?kg?N/kg VSS/day) in the liquid phase was seven times higher than that of the gas phase, which could be mainly attributed to the incomplete denitrification and insufficient carbon source. However, only a small part of the produced N₂O escaped into the atmosphere. High-throughput sequencing and molecular ecological network analyses also identified the bacterial diversity and community structure, indicating the potential resistance against loading shock. The composition and structural analyses showed that polysaccharides were an important functional component in the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS), which was the major EPS layer of anammox granules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that the gaps in between the anammox-clusters in the granules inhibit the flotation of the sludge and ensure efficient settling and retention of anammox granules.     

MEASURED AND CREAMS-PREDICTED NITROGEN LOSSES FROM TOMATO AND CORN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1

Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from two tomato and four corn field plots were compared to model predictions by CREAMS, a field-scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. The tomato treatments were (1) trickle irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N through the trickle irrigation system and (2) overhead sprinkler irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N in two equal sidedressings. The corn treatments consisted of multiple N applications, minimum tillage, and “conventional” management. Soil type appeared to influence the ability of CREAMS to predict seasonal trends and treatment influences. Model predictions for N losses from tomato and corn treatments that were located on sandy soils often disagreed with measured values. Treatment influences and seasonal trends for N losses from corn treatments that were located on a higher clay content soil were more satisfactorily predicted by CREAMS. Even though model input parameter estimation and measurement techniques may be imperfect, the simulation ability of CREAMS for predicting N leaching losses from systems on deep sands probably needs to be improved. Sensitivity analyses indicated that annual NC₃^?-N leaching loss predictions were either minimally or not affected by changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Input estimations of the fraction of soil pore space filled at field capacity and soil organic matter were inversely related to annual NO₃^?-N leaching losses, while potential mineralizable N was directly related to yearly N leaching losses.     

抗震液化的总应力合成分析方法

基于总应力动力分析法,运用二维显式有限差分程序FLAC对某大坝在地震荷载作用下的动力响应进行模拟分析。编制了分析大坝液化的数值模型的分析模块并与FLAC接口。分别考虑了水平、竖向地震荷载以及两个方向的耦合和不同水位深度对大坝动力特性的影响,得到了大坝在地震荷载作用下液化区域和位移矢量的分布态势。     

水体氮磷营养负荷对苦草净化能力和光合荧光特性的影响

以沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)为对象,通过室内控制实验,研究营养盐负荷对苦草净化水体氮磷能力的影响;利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(Diving-PAM)研究营养盐负荷对苦草光合荧光特性的影响.结果表明,在本实验设置的氮磷浓度范围内(TN≤12 mg·L-1,TP≤1.0 mg·L-1),随营养盐浓度的升高,苦草对水体氮磷的净化能力逐渐增强:在高浓度营养盐组(TN=12 mg·L-1,TP=1.0 mg·L-1),水体氮磷去除率可达95%以上,当铵态氮含量较高时,苦草优先吸收铵态氮;中高浓度营养盐组(TN:8~12 mg·L-1,TP:0.6~1.0 mg·L-1)对苦草叶片Fv/Fm无显著影响;低浓度营养盐组(TN=3 mg·L-1,TP=0.3 mg·L-1)能够提高苦草叶片的Fv/Fm,有利于苦草生长.在本实验条件下,水体氮磷营养盐浓度越高,对苦草叶片的光合活性和光耐受能力抑制作用越明显;随着水体营养盐逐步下降,苦草叶片的光合活性逐渐恢复,捕光能力无明显变化.     

昆明市分流制排水区域污水厂进水水质特征的统计学分析

应用多元统计方法系统分析了昆明市某分流制排水区域污水处理厂进水水质特征.结果表明,95％保证率时,该污水处理厂进水BOD5、COD、SS、TN、NH3-N和TP质量负荷分别为11 100、30 000、39 400、2 000、1 600和390 kg/d.进水水质指标中除了SS和NH3-N之间无相关性外,其余各指标间显著相关(α＜0.01).进水SS分别与BOD5、TP、COD有较强的相关性,其Pearson相关系数分别为0.845、0.786和0.915,进水BOD5分别与TP、COD亦有较强的相关性,其Pearson相关系数分别为0.808和0.918.进水BOD5/TN值＞4和BOD5/TP值＞20的累积概率分别为35％和94％,表明该污水处理厂进水有机物浓度不能满足微生物反硝化的需求,但可满足生物除磷对有机物和磷的理论需求量.     

PHB监测A2/O工艺除磷及负荷率耦合关系的研究

以上海市白龙港城市污水厂初沉池污水为进水,培养驯化污泥并构建A²/O试验系统,监测PHB消耗、生成的动态变化,并分析其与除磷和BOD₅负荷率的耦合关系.结果显示,曝气池中PHB的消耗与除磷呈现良好的正相关关系(p<0.05),平均消耗约140 mg左右的PHB可去除1 mg P;厌氧池中PHB的生成与释磷存在着极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),平均释放1.17 mg的磷可生成约100 mg的PHB;厌氧池中PHB的含量与系统F/M的正相关性显著(p<0.05),负荷为0.176 g/(g·d)较负荷0.413 g/(g·d)下PHB的生成量平均减少约4　mg/g(以MLSS计);PHB的合成与厌氧池中BOD₅的去除量的相关性较差(p>0.05),但与温度呈极为显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),温度的升高有助于微生物合成PHB,最高温度(33.2℃)比最低温度(17.1℃)活性污泥中PHB含量约增加5　mg/g(以MLSS计),占总量的20%左右.