A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

基于随机森林的飞机长着陆预警方法

为降低飞机冲出跑道事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失,以长着陆事件为研究对象,探讨1种有效的长着陆事件预警方法。提出应用随机森林模型对长着陆事件进行预警,给出模型的特征筛选、构建及评价方法,并使用实际飞行数据验证模型有效性。结果表明:基于随机森林的飞机长着陆预警模型精确率为88.41%,召回率为87.14%,模型可以有效对长着陆事件进行预警。     

A numerical study on the feasibility and efficiency of point smoke extraction strategies in large cross-section shield tunnel fires using CFD modeling

The strategy of smoke control is of high importance for the design process of tunnels, especially for long and large cross-section tunnels. The South Hongmei Rd. Tunnel (SHT) located in Shanghai, China, is a 3.39 km long shield TBM (tunnel boring machine) tunnel with an external diameter of 14.5 m. The point smoke extraction system was proposed initially as the main ventilation strategy during a tunnel fire. To investigate the fire characteristics in the tunnel and develop appropriate smoke control strategies, a series of numerical 3D Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted. Three fire scenarios, namely 5 MW, 20 MW and 50 MW, were modeled to evaluate the point extraction system. The gas temperatures, the stratification of the smoke, air temperature, minimum visibility etc., during the smoke spreading of a fire were analyzed. Based on the results of the simulation, the smoke extraction strategies according to fire scale and fire location were proposed for fire extinguishing. It was found that the three-point extraction opening strategy can control the smoke better than two-point extraction opening strategy under various fire scales, especially under serious fire scenario. From the results, damper openings ranged at closer intervals were found more efficient in two-point extraction system. Besides, placing the damper openings in the longitudinal direction can improve the efficiency of smoke extraction. It also results in reduction of the quantity of prefabricated members of duct slab and the process of assembly will be simplified during the construction.     

Long‐Term Trends of Nutrients and Sediment from the Nontidal Chesapeake Watershed: An Assessment of Progress by River and Season

To assess historical loads of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment (SS) from the nontidal Chesapeake Bay watershed (NTCBW), we analyzed decadal seasonal trends of flow‐normalized loads at the fall‐line of nine major rivers that account for >90% of NTCBW flow. Evaluations of loads by season revealed N, P, and SS load magnitudes have been highest in January‐March and lowest in July‐September, but the temporal trends have followed similar decadal‐scale patterns in all seasons, with notable exceptions. Generally, total N (TN) load has dropped since the late 1980s, but particulate nutrients and SS have risen since the mid‐1990s. The majority of these rises were from Susquehanna River and relate to diminished net trapping at the Conowingo Reservoir. Substantial rises in SS were also observed, however, in other rivers. Moreover, the summed rise in particulate P load from other rivers is of similar magnitude as from Susquehanna. Dissolved nutrient loads have dropped in the upland (Piedmont and above) rivers, but risen in two small rivers in the Coastal Plain affected by lagged groundwater input. In addition, analysis of fractional contributions revealed consistent N trends across the upland watersheds. Finally, total N:total P ratios have declined in most rivers, suggesting the potential for changes in nutrient limitation. Overall, this integrated study of historical data highlights the value of maintaining long‐term monitoring at multiple watershed locations.     

辽宁中部城市群灰霾天气的外来影响——个案分析

利用MODIS卫星资料、空气质量监测资料、地面气象资料及后向轨迹方法,分析研究了2011年10月28-29日辽宁中部城市群一次灰霾天气过程.结果表明:此次辽宁中部城市群灰霾过程主要受京津冀外来灰霾污染的影响;在高压后部弱西南气流天气形势控制下,近地面的西南气流通过辽西走廊和海上通道,将京津冀地区灰霾污染物传输至辽宁中部地区,从而造成辽宁中部城市群灰霾污染过程;MODIS卫星图和后向轨迹图显示的灰霾范围、传输路径及PM10浓度跃变点自南向北推移的时间变化也支持这一结论.虽然“联防联控”是治理区域灰霾污染的重要手段,但也要看到区域灰霾污染的跨区域影响问题.     

铁路长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统研究

基于服役期铁路长大隧道健康状况劣化影响因素分析,结合隧道衬砌结构特点和健康状况监测实际,采用智能传感、信息融合、故障诊断技术,构建集监测、诊断、评估于一体的长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统。研究系统的软硬件设施及其布设技术,建立长大隧道健康状况综合评估体系,给出健康诊断量化评估标准。以国内某铁路长大隧道为例,对其健康状况实施远程监测与诊断分析。结果表明,该条服役隧道健康问题的主要影响因素为隧道衬砌漏水、隧道衬砌裂缝、隧道衬砌变形、隧道衬砌剥落等病害,尤以隧道衬砌变形最为严重,健康等级为4级。     

污泥龄对LSP ＆ PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄（SRT）对富磷污水除磷的LSP＆PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4%;LSP＆PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP＆PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值92.8%;LSP＆PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足（DO=0.8-1.5 mg/L）条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP＆PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。     

污泥龄对除磷亚硝化颗粒系统的影响

以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,接种成熟除磷颗粒污泥,探究泥龄对中低温度下(14～21℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥的影响.结果表明,常温下(20℃±1℃),泥龄为30 d,曝气量为5 L·(h·L)~(-1)可实现除磷颗粒污泥中AOB的富集,NAR达到90%以上.当温度降低到15℃,泥龄为40 d时除磷性能恶化,颗粒结构变松散并伴有丝状菌生成.相对充足的氧气使亚硝化失稳,NAR下降至22. 4%. NOB不具备迅速适应环境变化的能力,采取12 d厌氧饥饿加排泥的策略,削弱了NOB的相对活性,迅速恢复了除磷亚硝化性能.批次实验显示温度从20℃下降到15℃,聚磷菌仍能保持较高的氧利用率,但AOB的SOUR下降了18%,此时是温度而不是溶解氧浓度制约了氨氧化能力.控制泥龄为30 d,同时降低曝气量为4 L·(h·L)~(-1),实现了低温下(15℃±1℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥系统的稳定运行.     

污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR)成功启动了餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合发酵平行系统,重点探究了不同污泥停留时间(SRT)缩减幅度对于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的影响.结果表明,较大幅度地缩减SRT( 8. 3 d)提升反应器运行负荷,不利于反应器的稳定运行;随着反应器运行负荷的增加,SRT缩减幅度应逐渐降低(5～0. 9 d),能够取得餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的高负荷稳定运行.经过282 d的运行,CSTR混合发酵系统能够在SRT为9. 1 d,进料负荷(以COD计)为(12. 9±1. 5) g·(L·d)~(-1)的条件下稳定运行,相应的甲烷产量为3. 94～4. 25 L·(L·d)~(-1),甲烷产率(以COD计)为288～302 m L·g-1,p H和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA,以COD计)分别稳定在7. 80～7. 83和0. 32～0. 39 g·L-1.此外,还探究了高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵污泥特性,结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统甲烷转化途径以乙酸转化途径为主,具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的产甲烷活性和辅酶F420的质量摩尔浓度.     

铝穹顶储罐雷击损伤及燃爆风险研究

针对铝穹顶储罐雷击问题,开展了回击后长持续时间雷电流分量作用下的铝合金板烧蚀损伤试验研究,分析了铝穹顶储罐损伤及油气燃爆风险。结果表明:当直流分量为164 C时,2 mm铝板发生穿孔,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量≤157 C时,未穿孔,背面温度最高为480℃,存在燃爆风险,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量196 C时,4 mm铝板发生穿孔;当直流分量为196 C时,6 mm铝板未发生穿孔,背面温升为125℃,小于205℃,铝穹顶储罐不存在雷击燃爆风险。