饮用水中典型致嗅物质吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱检测方法及优化

采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法对饮用水中致嗅物质2-甲基异茨醇（2-MIB）和土臭素（GSM）进行测定。通过调整吹扫温度、吹扫时间、吹扫时捕集阱的温度、六通阀温度和传输管线温度,分析吹扫捕集条件对吹扫捕集效率的影响,并确定最佳吹扫捕集条件。2-MIB和GSM的方法检出限（MDL）分别为0.729 ng·L-1和1.037 ng·L-1,方法定量限（MQL）分别为2.187 ng·L-1和3.112 ng·L-1,平均加标回收率分别在92%~108%和88%~104%范围内,相对标准偏差分别小于6.5%和9.0%.在20~300 ng·L-1的范围内,各异嗅化合物浓度与响应值的线性关系均良好,相关系数均大于0.999。该方法具有操作简便、检出限低,相关性良好、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点。     

陶粒生物滤池低温处理黄河水研究

进行了利用陶粒生物滤池工艺低温生物预处理黄河微污染水的研究,结果表明,温度的降低对陶粒生物滤池去除CODMn、UV254和氨氮的影响不明显,其平均去除率分别为11%、22.2%和61.2%。水温低于5℃时出水中亚硝酸氮浓度升高。此外,低水温条件下陶粒上生物膜脱氢酶活性仍然较高。     

A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution

An overview of the application of organic geochemistry to the analysis of organic matter on aerosol particles is presented here. This organic matter is analyzed as solvent extractable bitumen/ lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic geochemical approach assesses the origin, the environmental history and the nature of secondary products of organic matter by using the data derived from specific molecular analyses. Evaluations of production and fluxes, with cross-correlations can thus be made by the application of the same separation and analytical procedures to samples from point source emissions and the ambient atmosphere. This will be illustrated here with typical examples from the ambient atmosphere (aerosol particles) and from emissions of biomass burning (smoke). Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic relief of the air shed. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g., plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g., oils, soot, synthetics, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic particle emissions contain organic materials which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns (C₁₄-C₄₀). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and synthetics (e.g., chlorinated compounds), are the major anthropogenic residues. Biomass combustion is another important primary source of particles injected into the global atmosphere. It contributes many trace substances which are reactants in atmospheric chemistry and soot paniculate matter with adsorbed biomarker compounds, most of which are unknown chemical structures. The injection of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular composition of organic matter in smoke particles is highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Retene has been utilized as a tracer for conifer smoke in urban aerosols, but is not always detectable. Dehydroabietic acid is generally more concentrated in the atmosphere from the same emission sources. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g., levoglucosan from cellulose) are also excellent tracers. An overview of the biomarker compositions of biomass smoke types is presented here. Defining additional tracers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke aids the assessment of the organic matter type and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry can be applied successfully to provide tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and smoke plumes. Presented at the 6th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution, August 26–28, 1998, Copenhagen.     

介质阻挡放电低温等离子体技术处理3种代表性VOC

采用介质阻挡放电低温等离子体技术处理苯、乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷,考察了反应器的结构、输出电压、初始浓度以及气速等条件对降解率和能量效率的影响。结果表明：3种VOC中,二氯甲烷最易被降解,乙酸乙酯次之,而苯的降解率最低;双介质阻挡放电反应器对VOC的处理效果优于单介质,在输出电压为15 kV的条件下,采用双介质反应器对VOC的降解率可达99%;输出电压越高,挥发性有机废气的降解率越高,在输出电压从15 kV（P=73.7 W）降低到10 kV（P=21 W）,VOC的降解率从99%降低到6.6%;VOC浓度越高降解率越低,在VOC初始浓度从244 mg·m-3升高到2 542 mg·m-3时,降解率从96.9%降低到63.98%;气速直接关乎停留时间,停留时间延长,降解率提高,气速300 L·h-1下降到100 L·h-1,降解率从78%提高到97%。     

地下水循环井强化过硫酸盐在低渗透含水层中的方向性迁移

原位化学修复技术在地下水环境中存在注入困难、扩散速度缓慢、扩散范围有限、扩散方向性不明等问题,很大程度上限制了其在实际修复工程中的效能。地下水循环井 (GCW) 作为一种人为水力调控技术在耦合强化原位化学注入技术的修复效率方面具有潜力。采用一维砂柱实验、二维砂箱实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨了GCW驱动下修复剂的迁移过程。选用过硫酸盐 (PS) 作为修复剂,研究了修复剂浓度和循环井工艺参数 (循环模式和循环流速) 、低渗透介质 (高岭石和伊利石) 对GCW增强修复剂迁移的影响。结果表明,正向循环模式有利于PS实现均匀分布,能显著提升PS的迁移速率,而逆向循环模式能使PS相对集中于靠近循环井的位置;提升循环流速有助于提升PS在横向及垂向上的迁移速率,但高循环流速会导致PS浓度分布变化幅度较大,也增加了修复过程的不稳定性;初始浓度越高,有效扩散系数越大,越有利于过硫酸盐由高浓度向低浓度扩散;循环井能形成一个与低渗透区域正交的水力梯度以减弱低渗透介质对PS迁移的阻碍,其产生的流量能促使PS沿垂直于低渗透介质的方向发生垂向迁移。研究成果为受污染低渗透区域的原位高效修复提供了新的解决方案。     

基于高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺的工程案例

以银川市某水厂为例,评估高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺的工程应用效果。结果表明,高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺能够适应较大水质波动,具有一定抗冲击负荷能力。其浊度去除率和高锰酸盐指数 (以COD_Mn计) 去除率较高,出水水质满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》 (GB/T5749-2006) 。通过调整排泥量和污泥回流比,能够有效解决沉淀池泥位超标问题。根据翻板滤池的过滤负荷和滤水阀门的开度调整反冲洗周期,能够提高过滤效率,节约电耗。少量无烟煤滤料的流失对翻板滤池出水浊度无影响。本研究结果可为低温低浊水处理工程提供设计经验和工程案例参考。     

低进水浓度CASS工艺沿程污染物去除特征及微生物群落变化

南方部分城镇污水浓度偏低,而循环式活性污泥法(CASS)能较好地处理低浓度污水,处理性能与微生物群落特征密切相关,但鲜有研究涉及其沿程微生物群落结构变化。本研究选取广东省某CASS城镇污水厂作为典型案例,分析其沿程污染物去除特征和微生物变化,从微生物学角度探讨污染物的去除机理。结果表明：低进水浓度CASS生化池沿程耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN、NO₃⁻-N、TP主要在污泥选择区被吸附降解,进水1 h COD和TP值降至最低,NH₄⁺-N主要在主反应区被氧化降解,生化池可去除污水中56.42%的耗氧有机物(以COD计)、41.71%的TN、77.78%的NH₄⁺-N、99.59%的TP。生化池主要优势菌门有变形菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和浮霉菌门,变形菌门是影响微生物多样性变化的关键菌门。属水平上,进水1 h选择区Zoogloea、Aeromonas和Thauera丰度较高,主反应区Nitrospira丰度较高;进水结束选择区Nitrospira丰度较高,主反应区Terrimonas和Lactobacillus丰度较高;沉淀1 h选择区Thauera丰度提高,主反应区Nitrosomonas丰度较高,主要发生氨氧化;闲置结束选择区脱氮菌类型多丰度高,主反应区Sulfuritalea、Haliangium、Zoogloea丰度较高。沿程功能性微生物丰度变化与污染物浓度变化相对应。NO₃⁻-N对微生物群落结构的塑造影响最显著(解释度为38.92%)。氮代谢途径表明沿程主反应区均发生全程硝化反硝化,选择区均发生短程硝化和全程反硝化,除进水1 h外,其余阶段选择区的反硝化功能基因丰度均比主反应区高。     

石油石化挥发性有机液体装载源项VOCs排放管控现状及减排策略建议

综合消费量、真实蒸气压和单物质最大增量反应活性 (MIR) 等影响挥发性有机物 (VOCs) 光化学反应的关键因素,筛选10种大宗挥发性有机液体,对其载运工具、装载方式、装载环节VOCs排放和治理现状进行调研。结果显示,10种大宗挥发性有机液体整体以汽车装载为主,其次为船舶和火车,占比依次为53.6%、26.5%、19.8%;汽车装车基本建成油气回收,多数实现底部装载;火车装车油气回收较为普遍,但全部为上装,收集效率较低;装船建成油气回收设施较少。根据装载源项VOCs的治理现状、标准要求及减排潜力分析,提出我国当前装载环节VOCs减排策略：原油是目前装载环节重点管控物质,应加快各类装载方式油气回收进程;装载工具方面,应加快装船VOCs治理进度;治理措施方面,应重点加强VOCs收集效果的优化和监管。本研究可为我国石油石化领域装载环节的VOCs污染管控提供参考。