城镇污水处理厂低浓度连续进水间歇曝气运行模式分析

根据南方城镇污水处理厂建成运行初期的实际运行情况,对低浓度进水的运行模式进行了分析和研究。运行中,污水处理厂MISS浓度调整为25g／L,采用曝气3h、停曝5h、连续进水的运行模式,实现了生物系统稳定运行,出水达标。     

深圳市低碳经济发展的现状及建议

介绍了深圳市低碳经济发展的相关政策,以及节能减排、新能源及可再生能源利用、清洁发展机制项目发展现状,分析了深圳市与国外部分低碳城市的差距,并提出了发展深圳市低碳经济的建议。     

Effectiveness of BMPS in Reducing Sediment From Unpaved Roads in the Stillwater Creek,Oklahoma Watershed1

Turton, Donald J., Michael D. Smolen, and Elaine Stebler, 2009. Effectiveness of BMPs in Reducing Sediment From Unpaved Roads in the Stillwater Creek, Oklahoma Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1343‐1351. Abstract: Erosion from rural unpaved roads is thought to be an important source of sediment in sediment‐impaired streams in Oklahoma and other locations. However, no direct measurements of sediment yields from rural unpaved roads were previously available for Oklahoma. Four rural unpaved road segments in the Stillwater Creek Watershed were instrumented in a paired watershed design to measure sediment yields to streams before and after the installation of Best Management Practices (BMPs). One segment of each pair remained under current management to serve as a control. The second segment received BMPs after a 1‐year calibration period. One BMP consisted of widening the ditches, re‐shaping ditches and cutslopes, putting a proper crown on the road surface, and vegetating disturbed areas with grass. The other BMP consisted of creating a proper crown on the road bed, applying a geo‐synthetic fabric to the road bed and surfacing with 127 mm of crusher run gravel containing 12‐15% fines to serve as a binder. Road segment sediment yields for individual storms varied, depending on factors such as rainfall amount and intensity. During the pre‐BMP year, storm sediment yields ranged from 0 to 4.3 Mg on one pair of segments and from 0 to 2.8 Mg on the other. The storm sediment yields and annual yields were in the same order of magnitude as sediment yields from unpaved rural or forest roads reported in other studies. Sediment yields were significantly reduced on both segments by the installation of BMPs, approximately 80% on one segment pair and 20% on the other. The average sediment yield (across the four segments) for the pre‐BMP year was 138 Mg/ha or 120 Mg/km of road. By extrapolating these average yields across the 479 km of unpaved roads in the Stillwater Creek Watershed and comparing it to estimated sediment yields for other land uses obtained from other sources, we conclude that unpaved roads may contribute up to 35% of the total sediment load to Stillwater Creek.     

SO3烟气调质系统在华润登封电厂的应用

采用SO3烟气调质的方法对华润登封电厂2号炉电除尘器进行提效改造。介绍了SO3烟气调质系统的工作原理、工艺流程、改造实施过程及改造前后的效果对比．对该技术的推广应用具有借鉴意义。     

湖北省2008年初低温雨雪冰冻过程气候特征分析

2008年初,湖北省出现了严重的低温雨雪冰冻灾害,直接经济损失高达110亿元以上,有必要对灾害期间的气候特征进行系统、科学的分析和总结。对湖北省76个气象站2008年1月12日～2月3日气温、降水（雪）、日照以及低温持续日数等要素进行时空间差异分析及历史与同期比较,并选取10个代表站历史上所有低温雨雪天气过程,对其过程持续低温日数、最长连续雨雪日数、过程极端低温进行比较分析。结果表明：（1）此次过程的平均气温异常偏低,该省大部为-1～-2℃,比常年同期偏低4～6℃,为各站历史同期最低,其中主要是最高气温异常偏低所致,但极端低温并不低;（2）降雪过程频繁,雨雪量异常偏多;（3）低温冰冻持续时间长,该省大部在16～22 d,位于历史第一;（4）日照异常偏少。持续而稳定的大气环流异常形势是湖北省大范围低温雨雪天气的直接原因。     

低温条件下摇动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

采用摇动床生物膜反应器,在中国北方冬春季5～10℃的低温条件下,以城市生活污水处理厂的二级处理出水为水源进行了工作体积4.8 m3的反应器深度处理的中试研究。中试过程以COD、NH4+-N和浊度的去除率为考察指标。实验结果表明:反应器对生活污水深度处理的合适的工艺参数为进水温度10℃,停留时间(HRT)4.8 h,气水比4∶1,曝气量4 m3/h,水流量1.0 m3/h,采用每间隔4 h曝气4 h的间歇式曝气方式;在低温条件下,对污水的COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别为30%和50%,而对浊度的去除率较低。中试表明,摇动床生物膜反应器可应用于中国北方冬春季低温条件下对水中COD和NH4+-N的去除。     

一株高效耐冷菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

寒冷地区水温偏低,污水生物处理效果差,出水达标困难。从寒冷地区水土样品中,分离到数株能在2℃下生长的低温菌株,选择优势菌N进行重点研究。从脱氢酶活性机制上,考察了不同条件对N菌株降解能力的影响;对比研究了它与常温活性污泥降解能力和脱氢酶活性的差异。结果表明:N菌株属于耐冷型低温微生物,结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化特性鉴定为黄假单胞菌;5℃曝气8 h,接种废水COD、氨氮去除率均在90%以上;低温条件下,该耐冷菌对生活污水降解率比常温活性污泥高出40%,脱氢酶具有更高的活性,在低温污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

甘肃河西走廊临泽小枣冻害成因及防治对策

进入21世纪的短短几年里,甘肃河西走廊临泽小枣就遭受了2次冻害,2008年的冻害比2003年更为严重,位于临泽县北部的四个乡镇的枣粮间作地,全部幼树和绝大部分大树树冠均冻死、绝产.冻害程度调查表明,临泽县南部乡镇轻,北部乡镇重;村庄宅旁轻,枣粮间作地重;靠近林带和小网格林带内轻,远离林带和大网格林带内重;背风面轻,迎风面重.气象资料分析得出,2003年冻害是由于2002年12月下旬的低温所致;2008年冻害是1月下旬到2月上旬的低温所致,冻害期间,最大风力为西北风,吹得最多的是东北风.通过与正常年份气温的比较分析得出,临泽小枣安全越冬的临界气温为-20.0℃,2d日平均温度低于-20℃的低温即可使临泽小枣遭受冻害,但≤1d的-20℃以下的低温对临泽小枣不产生冻害;温度越低,枣树能忍受的时间越短,可忍受的极端最低气温为-27℃.加强绿洲防护体系建设,大力发展村旁、路旁、渠旁、宅旁等四旁枣树种植,及根据天气预报采取应急措施是防止临泽小枣发生冻害的主要对策.     

Nitrate Dynamics in Two Streams Impacted by Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge: Point Sources or Sinks?

We examined nitrate processing in headwater stream reaches downstream of two wastewater treatment plant outfalls during low streamflow. Our objectives were to quantify nitrate mass flux before and after effluent discharge and to use field and laboratory techniques to assess the mechanism of nitrate uptake. Microcosm experiments were utilized to determine the location of nitrate processing, and molecular biomarkers were used to detect and quantify microbial denitrification. At one site, downstream nitrate mass flux was significantly (p = 0.01) lower than sum of upstream and wastewater effluent fluxes, indicating rapid stream assimilation of incoming nitrate in the vicinity of the point source. Microcosm experiments supported the theory that nitrate processing occurs in sediments. Molecular assays for denitrifcation‐associated functional genes nosZ, nirS, and nirK, provided evidence that effluent contained enriched denitrifying communities relative to ambient stream water. Nitrate loss at the site with greater uptake was correlated with sulfate loss (p < 0.01; r² = 0.86), suggesting a possible link between sulfate reducing bacteria and denitrifying bacterial communities. Results suggest there is an opportunity to better understand nitrate dynamics in cases where point sources may act as point sinks under specific sets of conditions.     

Decentralized Groundwater Recharge Systems Using Roofwater and Stormwater Runoff1

Stephens, Daniel B., Mark Miller, Stephanie J. Moore, Todd Umstot, and Deborah J. Salvato, 2011. Decentralized Groundwater Recharge Systems Using Roofwater and Stormwater Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 134‐144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00600.x Abstract: Stormwater capture for groundwater recharge in urban areas is usually conducted at the regional level by water agencies. Field and modeling studies in New Mexico indicate that stormwater diverted to retention basins may recharge about 50% of precipitation that falls on the developed area, even in dry climates. Comparable volumes of recharge may be expected at homes, subdivisions, or commercial properties with low‐impact development (LID) technologies for stormwater control that promote recharge over evapotranspiration. Groundwater quality has not been significantly impacted at sites that have been recharging stormwater to aquifers for decades. Distributed recharge systems may be a good alternative to centralized regional facilities where there is limited land for constructing spreading basins or little funding for new infrastructure. LID technologies borrowed from stormwater managers are important tools for groundwater managers to consider to enhance recharge.