模拟酸雨引起水体pH下降导致Zn对金鱼藻的毒害

用模拟酸雨沉降方式研究了水体酸度增加条件下,50 mg@L -1Zn2+对金鱼藻的毒害,以探讨酸雨沉降下重金属对植物伤害的作用机理.结果表明,随着pH降低,金鱼藻的细胞膜透性增加,叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b值逐渐降低,游离脯氨酸含量明显增加;O2与脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量,均随酸度增加而升高,且两者极显著性相关.在低pH下50 mg@L -1Zn对金鱼藻的胁迫过程中,过氧化物酶(POD)活性发生大幅度应激性升高;CAT活性则在pH3.5以下明显下降.金鱼藻对Zn的富集量在pH5.5时最高,随着酸度加大,富集量呈明显下降趋势.提示,酸度增加使Zn离子化程度升高,是Zn对金鱼藻细胞毒性趋于明显的直接原因之一.     

生物质分类表征温度对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响

通过对不同温度下蔬菜废物的好氧降解试验,研究了温度对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响.结果表明,温度对易降解蔬菜废物的降解有促进作用,50℃时叶菜皮第14 d有机物降解率高达60.2%,比其在37℃时第18 d降解率高9.9%;糖类降解率差异是其差距的主要来源,这主要是由于高温刺激了降解过程细菌的增殖.对于难降解蔬菜废物茭白壳,37℃时第18 d降解率为46.1%,比其在50℃时降解至第14 d时高9%;纤维素降解率差异是其差距的主要来源,这主要是因为中温有利于嗜温放线菌数量的增加.研究结果揭示了根据蔬菜废物生物质组成特征控制堆肥化过程温度,有利于改善蔬菜废物好氧降解程度.     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度变化规律研究

通过数值模拟方法对车辆阻塞效应下的隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律进行了研究。主要分两种车辆阻塞效应讨论:1辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞;2辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞,且在同一车道。通过改变火源高度、纵向通风速度探究了车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律。结果表明:两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内顶棚烟气温度的变化规律相同:随火源高度的升高而增大。2辆车辆阻塞下的隧道顶棚烟气温度略低;两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内烟气逆流长度的变化规律不同。1辆车辆阻塞下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而增大,而2辆车辆阻塞效应下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而减小。     

Forecast optimal fluoride concentration data in drinking water according to the ambient temperature in Golestan,Iran

Controlling fluoride concentrations in drinking water at optimal levels could be effective in preventing certain negative health effects in humans. This study investigated optimal fluoride concentrations in potable water in Golestan province, according the ambient temperatures in the province. The study used data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplied by the Water and Wastewater Company of Golestan Province. The annual mean maximum temperatures were extracted from a website that recorded daily ambient temperature. The optimal value of fluoride in drinking water for each county of Golestan province was calculated by the Galgan and Vermillion formula. The results show that all of the counties should contain fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.73 to 0.766 milligrams per liter (mg/L) according to the calculation formula, while fluoride concentrations were instead reported to range between 0.23 and 0.53 mg/L by the Water and Wastewater company. In addition, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the concentrations of fluoride in potable in all of the cities in Golestan province fall below the WHO standard. In conclusion, we suggest that the fluoride concentrations in Golestan province's drinking water should be taken into account by the appropriate authorities and that optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water according to ambient temperatures be set to avoiding negative health impacts.     

What Matters Most: Are Future Stream Temperatures More Sensitive to Changing Air Temperatures,Discharge, or Riparian Vegetation?

Simulations of stream temperatures showed a wide range of future thermal regimes under a warming climate — from 2.9°C warmer to 7.6°C cooler than current conditions — depending primarily on shade from riparian vegetation. We used the stream temperature model, Heat Source, to analyze a 37‐km study segment of the upper Middle Fork John Day River, located in northeast Oregon, USA. We developed alternative future scenarios based on downscaled projections from climate change models and the composition and structure of native riparian forests. We examined 36 scenarios combining future changes in air temperature (ΔT_air = 0°C, +2°C, and +4°C), stream discharge (ΔQ = ?30%, 0%, and +30%), and riparian vegetation (post‐wildfire with 7% shade, current vegetation with 19% shade, a young‐open forest with 34% shade, and a mature riparian forest with 79% effective shade). Shade from riparian vegetation had the largest influence on stream temperatures, changing the seven‐day average daily maximum temperature (7DADM) from +1°C to ?7°C. In comparison, the 7DADM increased by 1.4°C with a 4°C increase in air temperature and by 0.7°C with a 30% change in discharge. Many streams throughout the interior western United States have been altered in ways that have substantially reduced shade. The effect of restoring shade could result in future stream temperatures that are colder than today, even under a warmer climate with substantially lower late‐summer streamflow.     

Dynamic temperature model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell using online variations in load current and ambient temperature

This paper presents a dynamic temperature model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. The proposed model overcomes the complexity of conventional models using first-order expressions consisting of load current and ambient temperature. The proposed model also incorporates a PEMFC cooling system, which depends upon the temperature difference between events. A dynamic algorithm is developed to detect load changing events and calculate instantaneous PEMFC temperature variations. The parameters of the model are extracted by employing the lightning search algorithm (LSA). The temperature characteristics of the NEXA 1.2 kW PEMFC system are experimentally studied to validate model performance. The results show that the proposed model output and the temperature data obtained from experiments for linear and abrupt changes in PEMFC load current are in agreement. The root-mean-square error between the model output and experimental results is less than 0.9. Moreover, the proposed model outperforms the conventional models and provides advantages such as simplicity and adaptability for low and high sampling data rates of input variables, namely, load current and ambient temperature. The model is not only helpful for simulations but also suitable for dynamic real-time controllers and emulators.     

Assessing Retrospective National Water Model Streamflow with Respect to Droughts and Low Flows in the Colorado River Basin

Streamflow monitoring in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) is essential to ensure diverse needs are met, especially during periods of drought or low flow. Existing stream gage networks, however, provide a limited record of past and current streamflow. Modeled streamflow products with more complete spatial and temporal coverage (including the National Water Model [NWM]), have primarily focused on flooding, rather than sustained drought or low flow conditions. Objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate historical performance of the NWM streamflow estimates (particularly with respect to droughts and seasonal low flows) and (2) identify characteristics relevant to model inputs and suitability for future applications. Comparisons of retrospective flows from the NWM to observed flows from the United States Geological Survey stream gage network over 22 years in the CRB reveal a tendency for underestimating low flow frequency, locations with low flows, and the number of years with low flows. We found model performance to be more accurate for the Upper CRB and at sites with higher precipitation, snow percent, baseflow index, and elevations. Underestimation of low flows and variable model performance has important implications for future applications: inaccurate evaluations of historical low flows and droughts, and less reliable performance outside of specific watershed/stream conditions. This highlights characteristics on which to focus future model development efforts.     

Developing Subseasonal to Seasonal Climate Forecast Products for Hydrology and Water Management

We describe a new effort to enhance climate forecast relevance and usability through the development of a system for evaluating and displaying real‐time subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) climate forecasts on a watershed scale. Water managers may not use climate forecasts to their full potential due to perceived low skill, mismatched spatial and temporal resolutions, or lack of knowledge or tools to ingest data. Most forecasts are disseminated as large‐domain maps or gridded datasets and may be systematically biased relative to watershed climatologies. Forecasts presented on a watershed scale allow water managers to view forecasts for their specific basins, thereby increasing the usability and relevance of climate forecasts. This paper describes the formulation of S2S climate forecast products based on the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) and the North American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME). Forecast products include bi‐weekly CFSv2 forecasts, and monthly and seasonal NMME forecasts. Precipitation and temperature forecasts are aggregated spatially to a United States Geological Survey (USGS) hydrologic unit code 4 (HUC‐4) watershed scale. Forecast verification reveals appreciable skill in the first two bi‐weekly periods (Weeks 1–2 and 2–3) from CFSv2, and usable skill in NMME Month 1 forecast with varying skills at longer lead times dependent on the season. Application of a bias‐correction technique (quantile mapping) eliminates forecast bias in the CFSv2 reforecasts, without adding significantly to correlation skill.     

三级AO耦合工艺低温污水处理脱氮机理

采用分段进水三级AO耦合流离生化工艺处理低温废水,在温度为（10±1）℃条件下,控制HRT为8h,进水流量分配比为3：2：1,污泥回流比为50%,考察耦合工艺对低温污水中污染物的去除效果、反应器内污染物变化规律、各级氮去除规律及系统硝化反硝化性能.研究表明：耦合工艺COD及NH₄⁺-N去除效率均超过90%,TN及TP去除效率达到80%,反应器内生物膜污泥浓度在400~800mg/L之间,系统各级NH₄⁺-N去除率均超过80%,缺氧反硝化脱氮率及好氧同步硝化反硝化脱氮率分别为50.15%和26.05%.受底物浓度及功能菌群数量影响,系统第二级比硝化速率及比反硝化速率均最高.