延安市污水处理厂提标改造工程设计方案与实施效果

延安市污水处理厂一期工程处理规模为5×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹,原采用以“厌氧池+氧化沟+二沉池”为核心的污水处理工艺。提标改造前,污水处理系统存在设计水质偏低而污泥负荷偏高等问题,导致冬季低温或进水水质波动较大时,出水水质难以稳定达标。对此,通过加高氧化沟池体的方式,将生化池总水力停留时间延长至19.82 h;结合MBR工艺,利用膜组件的高效固液分离能力实现泥水分离,将生化池平均污泥浓度提高至7 050 mg·L⁻¹,并在内沟好氧池中增设搅拌机及碳源投加装置,使冬季低温或进水总氮较高时,生化系统整体以AAOAO的方式运行,从而进一步控制出水总氮含量。提标改造工程实施后,一期生化处理系统反硝化污泥负荷和BOD₅污泥负荷(以每天单位MLSS的TN/BOD₅测定值计)分别降低至0.030和0.033 kg·(kg·d)⁻¹,5 ℃条件下污水处理系统的理论TN和BOD₅去除能力分别提升至44.32和286.19 mg·L⁻¹,达到了污染物去除需求。提标改造后污水处理系统运行良好,出水可稳定达到《陕西省黄河流域污水综合排放标准》(DB 61/224-2018)中的A标准,可为该地区同类型污水处理厂提标改造提供参考。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为了研究不同C／N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况,提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料,在添加1％的生物腐熟剂的基础上,对堆肥温度及C／N比进行调控,并进行交叉实验。结果表明,（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时,在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳,温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时,添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C／N比值、含水量,缩短堆肥时间,其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：l混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30d时,堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加,有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的,且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

冶金高炉高温熔融处理垃圾飞灰

为了探讨冶金高炉处理垃圾飞灰的可能性,将一定量的垃圾飞灰作为造球原料通过快凝水泥固化制备冷固飞灰球团,模拟高炉温度、气氛条件对飞灰球团进行高温冶金性能实验研究,并采用X射线衍射仪对飞灰球团中物相变化进行了研究。结果表明:在造球原料里配入5%左右的飞灰通过水泥固化造出的球团能达到入炉要求;配入10%飞灰球团的高炉炉料的高温冶金性能变化不大,且能够保持高炉内的工作环境相对稳定,符合当前冶炼要求的炉内工程条件;在高温下飞灰中的重金属能有效还原固封,二恶英能有效分解,为垃圾飞灰的资源化处理开辟了新的途径。     

Micro calorimeter study on the thermal stability of lithium-ion battery electrolytes

With the extensive applications of lithium-ion batteries, many batteries explosion accidents were reported. The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery electrolyte could substantially affect the safety of lithium-ion battery. The C80 micro calorimeter was used to study the thermal stability of several commonly used organic solvents and electrolytes. The samples were heated in argon atmosphere and air atmosphere, respectively. The chemical reaction kinetics was supposed to fit by an Arrhenius law, then the self-accelerating decomposition temperature was calculated. It is found that most of the samples are stable in argon atmosphere while decomposing in air atmosphere, and the single organic solvent is more stable than the electrolyte generally.     

火灾中温度升高对蛋白质构象影响的计算机模拟(Ⅰ)

应用分子力学原理进行了温度对肽链构象影响的计算机模拟,模拟结果显示,火灾中环境温度升高对生物分子的结构和功能是一个很敏感的因素之一,天然生物分子因吸热而使自身构象发生异常变化,进而与特定构象紧密联系的生物活性丧失,发生变性,模拟结果对于从分子水平上揭示火灾对生物体的危害具有重要意义.     

环境适应性试验项目的选择

介绍低气压试验、高低温试验、湿热试验、IP防护等级试验、振动试验、冲击和碰撞试验、盐雾试验等试验项目的考核目的和相应试验参数,分析上述试验项目的适用范围。并根据当前产品的发展状况,简单介绍环境试验项目的组合和试验顺序。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液短程生物脱氮的长期稳定性实验研究

以实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,考察了单级UASB-SBR生化系统除有机物和脱氮特性,重点研究了常、低温条件下,该生化系统生物脱氮的长期稳定性.623 d的实验结果表明,基于UASB反应器内高效的反硝化和厌氧产甲烷联合去除机制,以及SBR反应器内几乎100%的硝化和反硝化,在进水COD浓度为1 000~13 800 mg·L-1条件下,最终出水COD浓度为150~1 234 mg·L-1,在进水NH+4-N浓度为574~2 360 mg·L-1条件下,最终出水NH+4-N小于10 mg·L-1,平均去除率分别在90%和98%以上,尤其是获得了99.2%的TN去除率,出水TN小于30 mg·L-1,实现垃圾渗滤液内有机物和氮的高效、深度去除.整个实验期间,SBR反应器实现并维持了稳定的生物硝化和反硝化,成功跨越2个冬季,15℃以下共计171 d,最低温度为10.2℃.     

17α-雌二醇在土壤样品中的吸附特性研究

研究了pH值、温度、离子强度和土壤粒径等因素对17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)在土壤样品中吸附特性的影响。结果表明:17α-E2在土壤中的等温吸附浓度呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势,等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5 h;土壤对17α-E2的吸附率随着环境温度的升高而显著降低。随着17α-E2溶液pH值的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附则逐渐降低;随着离子浓度的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势;随着土壤粒径的增大,土壤样品对于17α-E2的吸附作用则显著降低。     

Developing Subseasonal to Seasonal Climate Forecast Products for Hydrology and Water Management

We describe a new effort to enhance climate forecast relevance and usability through the development of a system for evaluating and displaying real‐time subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) climate forecasts on a watershed scale. Water managers may not use climate forecasts to their full potential due to perceived low skill, mismatched spatial and temporal resolutions, or lack of knowledge or tools to ingest data. Most forecasts are disseminated as large‐domain maps or gridded datasets and may be systematically biased relative to watershed climatologies. Forecasts presented on a watershed scale allow water managers to view forecasts for their specific basins, thereby increasing the usability and relevance of climate forecasts. This paper describes the formulation of S2S climate forecast products based on the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) and the North American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME). Forecast products include bi‐weekly CFSv2 forecasts, and monthly and seasonal NMME forecasts. Precipitation and temperature forecasts are aggregated spatially to a United States Geological Survey (USGS) hydrologic unit code 4 (HUC‐4) watershed scale. Forecast verification reveals appreciable skill in the first two bi‐weekly periods (Weeks 1–2 and 2–3) from CFSv2, and usable skill in NMME Month 1 forecast with varying skills at longer lead times dependent on the season. Application of a bias‐correction technique (quantile mapping) eliminates forecast bias in the CFSv2 reforecasts, without adding significantly to correlation skill.     

Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures,land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore,MD

Urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that ambient air and surface temperatures in urban areas are several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. Higher temperatures not only impact the comfort of urban dwellers, but also increase energy use, ozone production, and the risk of death for humans in a heat wave. Our research focuses on the variation in land surface temperature in the Gywnns Fall Watershed, Maryland. We found that land surface temperature is highly variable spatially, resulting in "hotspots" within the heat island. We further explore how this temperature variation relates to social factors on the scale of the census-based block group. We show that land surface temperature is statistically higher in block groups that are characterized by low income, high poverty, less education, more ethnic minorities, more elderly people and greater risk of crime. These variables were mapped to evaluate the spatial relationship of land surface temperatures to social factors. This spatially explicit approach facilitates identification of specific areas to prioritize for heat prevention and intervention efforts. We demonstrate, through an exercise, how incorporating data on land surface temperature and social factors into heat intervention strategies could contribute to efficient allocation of limited resources and services. The exercise also indicates where heat prevention efforts, such as tree-planting programs, are most needed to help reduce heat exposure and moderate the urban heat island effect.