中国环境政策矩阵的构建与分析

可持续发展战略要求对已有的环境政策手段进行重新评估。由世界银行提出的环境政策矩阵则是进行这种评估的成功之举。本文利用政策矩阵这一模式探讨了我国环境政策手段的构成与特点，并进而提出了创新我国环境政策手段的几点建议，以促进我国可持续发展战略的实施。     

珍珠岩尾矿烧结砖的实验研究

以珍珠岩尾矿为原料进行烧结砖实验研究，发现该砖具有轻质、高强及保温等特点。珍珠岩尾矿烧结砖的生产，将有利于环保治理，又具有较为显著的经济效益。     

纳米CuO在染料中间体间氯甲苯工业废水处理中的应用

采用水热法合成纳米氧化铜,并对产物进行XRD和TEM分析。以纳米CuO为催化剂,高压汞灯为光源,对染料中间体间氯甲苯工业废水进行光催化降解。考察了CuO用量、pH值、反应时间等因素对COD去除率的影响,通过正交实验确定了各因素对废水COD去除率影响的顺序是：光照时间〉溶液pH值〉CuO用量;得出最佳降解条件：CuO用量...     

辽河水系沉积物中PAHs的分布特征及风险评估

采用GC-MS方法测定了辽河流域19个采样点位枯水期以及丰水期表层沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,共检出15种PAHs.枯水期ΣPAHs为123.5～21 233.4 ng·g-1,平均含量为3 208.1 ng·g-1;丰水期ΣPAHs为37.9～9 014.0ng·g-1,平均含量为1 612.0 ng·g-1.利用特征化合物指数法对PAHs进行源分析,主要来源是燃料燃烧.运用平均沉积物质量基准商（mSQG-Q）对辽河流域PAHs进行风险评价,芴和芘存在中低度生态效应;丰水期抚顺段L3-1有较强的负面效应,枯水期沈阳段L1-1点位、抚顺段L3-1和L3-2有较强的负面效应.     

基于地基遥感的杭州地区气溶胶光学特性

利用2012年杭州、桐庐、建德、淳安CE-318太阳光度计的观测资料,反演获得了气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、Ångström波长指数（AE）、单次散射反照率（SSA）和气溶胶粒子谱（ASD）等参数,分析了杭州地区气溶胶光学特性的变化规律.结果表明,2012年杭州、桐庐、建德、淳安AOD_440nm年均值分别为0.94±0.16、0.84±0.17、0.82±0.22、0.71±0.20,呈现出自东北向西南逐渐下降的变化趋势,是长三角地区AOD高值地区之一.AE_440-870nm年均值分别为1.24±0.12、1.19±0.17、1.06±0.04、1.04±0.10,表明杭州地区以半径较小的气溶胶粒子为主控模态.3~4月AE相对偏低与来自北方的沙尘粒子远距离输送有关.除淳安外,杭州、桐庐和建德AOD有明显的日变化特征.不同地区细模态粒子峰值半径春季、秋季和冬季均在0.15 μm左右,由于气溶胶粒子的吸湿增加导致夏季细模态粒子的峰值半径在0.25 μm左右;粗模态粒子峰值半径夏季、秋季和冬季均在2.94 μm左右,高于春季（1.7~2.2 μm）.SSA_440nm年均值分别为0.91±0.01、0.92±0.03、0.92±0.02、0.93±0.02,说明杭州地区气溶胶粒子为中等强度吸收性气溶胶.对气溶胶类型进行分类表明,杭州以生物质燃烧/城市工业型为主,而桐庐、建德和淳安以混合型为主.     

Applying a values-based decision process to facilitate comanagement of threatened species in Aotearoa New Zealand

Ko koe ki tēnā, ko ahau ki tēnai kīwai o te kete (you at that, and I at this handle of the basket). This Māori (New Zealanders of indigenous descent) saying conveys the principle of cooperation—we achieve more through working together, rather than separately. Despite decades of calls to rectify cultural imbalance in conservation, threatened species management still relies overwhelmingly on ideas from Western science and on top-down implementation. Values-based approaches to decision making can be used to integrate indigenous peoples’ values into species conservation in a more meaningful way. We used such a values-based method, structured decision making, to develop comanagement of pekapeka (Mystacina tuberculata) (short-tailed bat) and tara iti (Sternula nereis davisae) (Fairy Tern) between Māori and Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent). We implemented this framework in a series of workshops in which facilitated discussions were used to gather expert knowledge to predict outcomes and make management recommendations. For both species, stakeholders clearly stated their values as fundamental objectives from the start, which allowed alternative strategies to be devised that naturally addressed their diverse values, including mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge and perspectives). On this shared basis, all partners willingly engaged in the process, and decisions were largely agreed to by all. Most expectations of conflicts between values of Western science and Māori culture were unfounded. Where required, positive compromises were made by jointly developing alternative strategies. The values-based process successfully taha wairua taha tangata (brought both worlds together to achieve the objective) through codeveloped recovery strategies. This approach challenges the traditional model of scientists first preparing management plans focused on biological objectives, then consulting indigenous groups for approval. We recommend values-based approaches, such as structured decision making, as powerful methods for development of comanagement conservation plans between different peoples.     

简易流动注射仪化学发光法测定水环境中的铵态氮

在０．１Ｍ的碱性条件下，ＮＢＳ（Ｎ—溴代丁二酰亚　胺）在荧光素的增敏作用下氧化氯化铵，产生强的化学发光。基于此本文详细研究了其反应　的特性和影响因素，在优化的实验条件下体系对氯化铵的测定范围为１．０×１０－７～１　．５×１０－５ｇ／ｍＬ，检出限为３．６×１０－８ｇ／ｍＬ，对５．０×１０－６ｇ／ｍＬ氯化铵　进行１１次平行测定，其ＲＳＤ为２．８％。将本法用于环境水样中ＮＨ＋４的分析，并与常规的　方法进行对照，获得了满意的结果。     

Evaluation of biodegradability of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends

The results of an investigation aimed at evaluation of the biodegradability of blends of poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as the major component are reported. Specimens of the blends, as melt extruded films and/or powders, were submitted to degradation tests under different environmental conditions including full-scale composting, soil burial, bench-scale accelerated aerobic degradation, and exposure to axenic cultures and esterolytic enzymes. Indications have been gained that blending in the melt gives rise to insertion of PCL segments in the PET chain. Copolymers thus attained acted as macromolecular compatibilizers, allowing for a complete miscibility of PCL and PET. The biodegradation detected on the blend samples was, however, well below the values expected from chemical composition and behavior of individual homopolymers under the same environmental conditions. The presence of PET as the major component in PET/PCL blends apparently reduces the propensity of PCL to be degraded, at least in the investigated composition range. The degradation data collected under different environmental conditions indicate that the full-scale composting system is the most efficient among the tested degradation procedures.     

Are the Curative Properties of ‘Black Mud’ from the Dead Sea Due to the Presence of Bitumen (Asphalt) or Other Types of Organic Matter?

Deep black clayey sediments of the Dead Sea, previously covered with water at times of higher sea level, are being mined for therapeutic purposes and for the preparation of cosmetic products under the name Black Mud. It was claimed that the beneficial properties are due to the presence of bitumen (asphalt) as attested by the colour. Less commonly, the curative properties have been ascribed to humic acids or to organic matter derived from algae in the lake. Asphalt from the Dead Sea has been of major economic importance to the region and was used as a medication for 2000 years until the mid-20th century. Geochemical analysis of the Black Mud showed that it contains relatively little organic matter (ca. 0.6–0.8% organic carbon) and that the organic matter is mostly derived from the land masses surrounding the lake. Asphalt was totally absent and the concentration of humic acids very low. The black colour of the mud is rather due to the poorly crystallised iron sulphides. Based on this, the therapeutic properties of the mud are ascribed to its content of reduced sulphur species, its physical and chemical properties and possibly its brine content, but not to the presence of organic matter.     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶分布特征及来源

黑碳(black carbon, BC)是含碳物质燃烧排放所产生的大气颗粒物(particulate matter, PM)中一种重要组分,其对辐射效应表现为对太阳辐射的吸收和散射,影响着地气系统的能量交换.本研究于2019年1～5月在南京北郊利用黑碳仪AE33(aethalometer,magee)测量了黑碳气溶胶浓度数据,对其日夜变化和季节变化进行分析,并筛选出污染天与清洁天,对其特征和来源进行分析.结果显示采样期间黑炭气溶胶的平均浓度为(3.8±2.3)μg·m^-3,冬季浓度为春季的1.3倍.BC浓度呈现明显的日变化,BC高值出现在日间交通高峰时间段,受到交通排放的影响较大.?ngstr?m指数α冬春整体差异不大,春季为1.32冬季为1.30,此结果也指出BC排放源以机动车排放为主.此外,针对采样期间污染天与清洁天的BC来源特征进行分析,发现污染天机动车排放源占比为68%～87%,清洁天为72%～86%,清洁天来源小幅波动但均以机动车排放源为主,污染天相对而言存在一定的机动车源减少生物质和煤炭燃烧源增加的情况,取决于污染时段的排放情况,利用BC/CO(0.0...