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281.
Sam S. Cruickshank Arpat Ozgul Silvia Zumbach Benedikt R. Schmidt 《Conservation biology》2016,30(5):1112-1121
Accurate trend estimates are necessary for understanding which species are declining and which are most in need of conservation action. Imperfect species detection may result in unreliable trend estimates because this may lead to the overestimation of declines. Because many management decisions are based on population trend estimates, such biases could have severe consequences for conservation policy. We used an occupancy‐modeling framework to estimate detectability and calculate nationwide population trends for 14 Swiss amphibian species both accounting for and ignoring imperfect detection. Through the application of International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List criteria to the different trend estimates, we assessed whether ignoring imperfect detection could affect conservation policy. Imperfect detection occurred for all species and detection varied substantially among species, which led to the overestimation of population declines when detectability was ignored. Consequently, accounting for imperfect detection lowered the red‐list risk category for 5 of the 14 species assessed. We demonstrate that failing to consider species detectability can have serious consequences for species management and that occupancy modeling provides a flexible framework to account for observation bias and improve assessments of conservation status. A problem inherent to most historical records is that they contain presence‐only data from which only relative declines can be estimated. A move toward the routine recording of nonobservation and absence data is essential if conservation practitioners are to move beyond this toward accurate population trend estimation. 相似文献
282.
Jeremy R. Brammer Nicolas D. Brunet A. Cole Burton Alain Cuerrier Finn Danielsen Kanwaljeet Dewan Thora Martina Herrmann Micha V. Jackson Rod Kennett Guillaume Larocque Monica Mulrennan Arun Kumar Pratihast Marie Saint‐Arnaud Colin Scott Murray M. Humphries 《Conservation biology》2016,30(6):1277-1287
Many argue that monitoring conducted exclusively by scientists is insufficient to address ongoing environmental challenges. One solution entails the use of mobile digital devices in participatory monitoring (PM) programs. But how digital data entry affects programs with varying levels of stakeholder participation, from nonscientists collecting field data to nonscientists administering every step of a monitoring program, remains unclear. We reviewed the successes, in terms of management interventions and sustainability, of 107 monitoring programs described in the literature (hereafter programs) and compared these with case studies from our PM experiences in Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greenland, and Vietnam (hereafter cases). Our literature review showed that participatory programs were less likely to use digital devices, and 2 of our 3 more participatory cases were also slow to adopt digital data entry. Programs that were participatory and used digital devices were more likely to report management actions, which was consistent with cases in Ethiopia, Greenland, and Australia. Programs engaging volunteers were more frequently reported as ongoing, but those involving digital data entry were less often sustained when data collectors were volunteers. For the Vietnamese and Canadian cases, sustainability was undermined by a mismatch in stakeholder objectives. In the Ghanaian case, complex field protocols diminished monitoring sustainability. Innovative technologies attract interest, but the foundation of effective participatory adaptive monitoring depends more on collaboratively defined questions, objectives, conceptual models, and monitoring approaches. When this foundation is built through effective partnerships, digital data entry can enable the collection of more data of higher quality. Without this foundation, or when implemented ineffectively or unnecessarily, digital data entry can be an additional expense that distracts from core monitoring objectives and undermines project sustainability. The appropriate role of digital data entry in PM likely depends more on the context in which it is used and less on the technology itself. 相似文献
283.
Derek Vollmer Maíra Ometto Bezerra Natalia Acero Martínez Octavio Rodríguez Ortiz Ivo Encomenderos Maria Clara Marques Lina Serrano-Durn Isabelle Fauconnier Raymond Yu Wang 《Ambio》2021,50(4):870
Quantitative assessments have long been used to evaluate the condition of the natural environment, providing information for standard setting, adaptive management, and monitoring. Similar approaches have been developed to measure environmental governance, however, the end result (e.g., numeric indicators) belies the subjective and normative judgments that are involved in evaluating governance. We demonstrate a framework that makes this information transparent, through an application of the Freshwater Health Index in three different river basins in Latin America. Water Governance is measured on a 0–100 scale, using data derived from perception-based surveys administered to stakeholders. Results suggest that water governance is a primary area of concern in all three places, with low overall scores (Guandu-26, Alto Mayo-38, Bogotá-43). We conclude that this approach to measuring governance at the river basin scale provides valuable information to support monitoring and decision making, and we offer suggestions on how it can be improved.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01407-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
284.
285.
Jesus D. Fernandez-Bayo Juliano Toniato Blake A. Simmons Christopher W. Simmons 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(6):164-168
Food processing facilities often use antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers to maintain cleanliness. These QACs can end up in wastewaters used as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of QAC contamination on biogas production and structure of microbial communities in thermophilic digester sludge. Methane production and biogas quality data were analyzed in batch anaerobic digesters containing QAC at 0, 15, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. Increasing sanitizer concentration in the bioreactors negatively impacted methane production rate and biogas quality. Microbial community composition data was obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the QAC-contaminated sludges. Sequencing data showed no significant restructuring of the bacterial communities. However, significant restructuring was observed within the archaeal communities as QAC concentration increased. Further studies to confirm these effects on a larger scale and with a longer retention time are necessary. 相似文献
286.
结合GJB 4239—2001《装备环境工程通用要求》在航空重点型号研制中应用案例和工作经验,系统地阐述了环境工程技术体系在立项论证阶段、工程研制阶段和设计定型阶段的实现方式,并着重介绍了近几年以来GJB 4239—2001《装备环境工程通用要求》在重点航空型号项目研制中的应用情况。最后,分别在环境分析、环境设计、环境试验,以及环境工程管理等四个方面分析了实际型号研制工作中工作项目、开展时机、输出形式所存在的突出问题,并给出了今后改进完善的建议。 相似文献
287.
288.
基于高斯扩散的单源估算模式SCREEN3计算佛山市环境统计企业的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离,发现全市工业企业SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为0.4~13.5 km.其中水泥和火电等高架源的最大落地浓度的距离最远.佛山市及五区纳入环境统计的重点废气排放企业平均的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为2.9~4.9 km,能直接影响国控监测点位的企业合计37家,其中40%为高明区的企业.该结果证明加强空气质量国控监测点位周边至少5 km内废气排放企业的督查有利于空气质量的改善. 相似文献
289.
再生水灌溉利用的生态风险研究进展 总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5
污水再生回用因其具有显著的社会、经济及生态效益,已成为缓解水资源危机的一项重要举措.城市绿地和农业灌溉作为再生水的主要利用途径之一,在国内外已经得到广泛推广实践.为了解国内外在再生水灌溉利用风险方面的研究进展,本文围绕再生水典型污染物包括盐、氮、重金属和新型污染物、病原菌等,从对土壤质量、植物生长、地下水质量和公众健康等几方面,对再生水灌溉利用的生态风险进行了系统分析.结果表明,盐分及盐离子是再生水灌溉利用的主要风险,灌溉利用导致疾病传播的风险始终存在,而新型污染物的生态风险是科学研究热点.借鉴国外经验,分别就城市绿地和农业的灌溉提出了风险管理措施.最后,提出了加强长期定位研究和模型研究,建立再生水水质、灌溉管理与生态风险的有机关联,进行再生水灌溉土壤承载力评价和建立风险管理体系等5项建议,以促进再生水安全利用. 相似文献
290.
我国VOCs的排放特征及控制对策研究 总被引:11,自引:7,他引:4
挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是一类具有刺激性、致畸、致癌、致突变作用、易燃易爆的有机物,对人体和生态系统健康有很大危害.本文从工业固定源、机动车尾气排放源和日常生活源等角度分析不同排放源的VOCs排放特征,绘制并分析了我国重点区域重点行业VOCs排放的空间分布格局,甄别出东部沿海地区VOCs 2010年总量和单位面积均高于中西部地区,且工业产生源有明显差异.进一步归类分析了欧美等发达国家针对VOCs排放控制的政策法规,对比分析我国目前治理VOCs的有关法规和标准,提出了现阶段我国VOCs管理存在的问题,并提出了相应的控制对策建议. 相似文献