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121.
Risk-based regulation assumes that risk assessment can evaluate risks against policy objectives. However, policy goals are often ambiguous and require risk assessors to interpret them for use in risk assessment. This risk assessment-policy gap stems partly from normative and imprecise policy language but is rooted more fundamentally in society's uncertain expectations for the environment. Until this uncertainty is resolved, the democratic and regulatory effectiveness of risk regulation will be undermined by ad hoc policy decisions abdicated to risk assessors. 相似文献
122.
促进江湖联系的闸口调度对策及影响区管理机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
我国传统的修堤建闸、抵御洪水的治河理念,阻断了江湖联系,造成湿地的生态萎缩。为改善湿地的生态环境,保护湿地的生物多样性,提出了新的多目标闸口调度机制,替代传统的、以防洪抗旱为目的的调度机制,力求促进江湖联系,增加湿地活力;为保障该机制的运行和实施,提出了闸口调度影响区的管理办法;并以涨渡湖为例进行了讨论。 相似文献
123.
Franziska?Pfister Peter?BacciniEmail author 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2005,7(3):337-361
Food production has to be increased in a sustainable way to meet the future global demand. A key position is attributed to
developing countries. A deepened understanding of their agricultural regions with specific resource endowments and constraints
is therefore crucial. In this study we propose a methodology based on material flux analysis (MFA) to assess the resource
potentials and limitations of a Nicaraguan agricultural region. We focus on current regional and farm resource management
and explore them under two scenarios. Indicators are nitrogen and the degrees of self-sufficiency (DSS) for energy, and the
staples maize and beans. As data is scarce, most information is based on interviews with farmers of four categories and key
persons, and on literature.
The results show that nitrogen management does not differ considerably among categories. Nitrogen is mined mostly from staple
plots. Self-sufficiency for beans is given in an average year. Yet, landless and small farmers neither produce enough maize
for autoconsumption, nor are they self-sufficient for firewood. Energy supply is also the core problem of the region, since
the DSS is 70%. Soil nitrogen
stocks last at most for three more generations. Analyses with the scenario technique show that: (a) Unlimited population growth
has serious consequences in the near future e.g. severe shortage of energy and food. (b) Alternative farming systems are possible,
but they require reducing the population by a factor 2, and thus the creation of jobs in a Hinterland.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
124.
Water Resource Management in Botswana: Balancing Sustainability and Economic Development* 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dianne Rahm Larry Swatuk Erica Matheny 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2006,8(1):157-183
Botswana is a rapidly developing country in southern Africa. Over the last three decades, diamond mining and tourism have
provided double-digit rates of economic growth. Yet most of Botswana’s land is in the Kalahari desert where the climate is
subject to sustained periods of severe drought. In this environment, water resources are the most crucial of all environmental
resources. Water use directly affects economic development because water utilization impacts all the major national economic
sectors. A sustainable water use resource management plan must stretch several decades into the future to assure the availability
of adequate supplies of water to future generations while not compromising the ability of the current generation to reasonable
rates of economic development. Yet thinking about sustainability is present in Botswana water policy mostly only in rhetoric.
A series of cultural traditions and political constraints, coupled with bureaucratic managerial weaknesses, serve to maintain
a system of water allocation that is unsustainable in the long run and inefficient in the short-term. Unless sustainable water
use patterns are adopted, the results for the short-term, as well as the long-term, will be devastating. Drawing on data obtained
through a series of interviews with government officials, leaders of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and water resource
researchers, this paper explores water policy in Botswana within the larger context of sustainable natural resource management
practice and the pressures of economic development.
This research was partially funded under U.S. Department of State, College and University Affiliations Grant # ASCS-1095. 相似文献
125.
126.
Derek Vollmer Maíra Ometto Bezerra Natalia Acero Martínez Octavio Rodríguez Ortiz Ivo Encomenderos Maria Clara Marques Lina Serrano-Durn Isabelle Fauconnier Raymond Yu Wang 《Ambio》2021,50(4):870
Quantitative assessments have long been used to evaluate the condition of the natural environment, providing information for standard setting, adaptive management, and monitoring. Similar approaches have been developed to measure environmental governance, however, the end result (e.g., numeric indicators) belies the subjective and normative judgments that are involved in evaluating governance. We demonstrate a framework that makes this information transparent, through an application of the Freshwater Health Index in three different river basins in Latin America. Water Governance is measured on a 0–100 scale, using data derived from perception-based surveys administered to stakeholders. Results suggest that water governance is a primary area of concern in all three places, with low overall scores (Guandu-26, Alto Mayo-38, Bogotá-43). We conclude that this approach to measuring governance at the river basin scale provides valuable information to support monitoring and decision making, and we offer suggestions on how it can be improved.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01407-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
127.
Samuli Korpinen Leena Laamanen Lena Bergstrm Marco Nurmi Jesper H. Andersen Juuso Haapaniemi E. Therese Harvey Ciaran J. Murray Monika Peterlin Emilie Kallenbach Katja Klan
nik Ulf Stein Leonardo Tunesi David Vaughan Johnny Reker 《Ambio》2021,50(7):1325
Marine ecosystems are under high demand for human use, giving concerns about how pressures from human activities may affect their structure, function, and status. In Europe, recent developments in mapping of marine habitats and human activities now enable a coherent spatial evaluation of potential combined effects of human activities. Results indicate that combined effects from multiple human pressures are spread to 96% of the European marine area, and more specifically that combined effects from physical disturbance are spread to 86% of the coastal area and 46% of the shelf area. We compare our approach with corresponding assessments at other spatial scales and validate our results with European-scale status assessments for coastal waters. Uncertainties and development points are identified. Still, the results suggest that Europe’s seas are widely disturbed, indicating potential discrepancy between ambitions for Blue Growth and the objective of achieving good environmental status within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.Supplementary informationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01482-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
128.
在不同经济社会发展情况下,危险废物的风险源危险性和风险受体脆弱性存在很大差异。因此,城市对危险废物采取的风险防控和应急措施应该因城市而异。然而,目前我国大部分城市对危险废物的管理仍然是全过程从严管理,并未建立基于风险评估的环境管理体系。本研究以城市为边界,从危险废物的风险源危险性、风险受体脆弱性和风险防控与应急能力3个维度构建评估指标体系,然后在层次分析法的基础上,采用等比例分配法对指标进行赋权,并运用线性加权法合成经过正向化处理的指标评分值,从而得出危险废物城市环境风险评估结果。通过计算3个维度评分值的耦合度,可以确定风险防控与应急能力维度与风险源危险性维度和风险受体脆弱性维度的匹配程度。运用该方法对深圳市开展案例研究,结果表明,深圳市在“无废城市”建设试点期间,主要通过提升风险防控与应急能力,将危险废物城市环境风险值降低了20.7%;并且风险防控与应急能力维度与风险源危险性维度和风险受体脆弱性维度的匹配度较高,属于高风险高能力城市。因此,建议深圳市在下一步工作中,继续完善涉危险废物项目环境准入审查,严格评估危险废物再利用安全,不断加强信息化手段在环境监管中的应用,避免涉危险废物突发环境事件的发生,全面降低危险废物对城市造成的环境风险。 相似文献
129.
“无废指数”是定量、客观、科学、系统、简明的综合性指数,是为了反映“无废城市”建设和固体废物治理成效。“无废指数”建立发布之后如何将指数结果反馈给相关部门,提高指数对管理部门的决策指导作用和时效性是“无废指数”最重要的应用功能。基于我国“无废城市”建设指标体系和浙江省“无废城市”建设水平和任务安排,在前期“无废指数”研究基础上建立了“无废指数”反馈机制,通过拆解指标和分析时效数据,强化“无废指数”的实时反馈功能和 “无废城市”建设任务的指导作用。根据浙江省某年“无废指数”测算结果,分别针对性的给出了省级层面和市级层面的应用建议和实例分析,深化了“无废指数”多维度比较分析和研判的应用功能,实现了在工作考核之前的数据动态更新和及时反馈,将提升基层管理策略调整的精准性、时效性,确保年度等目标的实现。为“无废城市”建设中不同层级管理部门制定管理决策提供依据和支撑。“无废指数”反馈机制创新了固体废物污染防治管理工作机制,进一步形成比学赶超的赛马机制,充分发挥了“无废指数”对全域“无废城市”建设的导向引领作用。 相似文献
130.