航天器材料空间环境适应性评价技术

航天器及其使用的材料在轨服役期间要经受真空、热循环、辐照、原子氧及碎片等空间环境的作用,航天器材料的空间环境适应性是其区别于其它材料的一项重要质量特性,评价其适应性是航天器材料质量保证工作的重要内容。推进评价技术的发展,实现航天器材料质量,可以保证各个环节中对材料空间环境适应性的有效分析、评估与控制,是促进航天器可靠性提升所面临的一项重大问题。针对原材料选用、认定、复验等环节中的应用需求,分析了空间环境适应性评价技术目前存在的差距,并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

物质代谢分析框架及其研究述评

追溯了物质代谢概念的起源和发展,剖析了不同学科视角下物质代谢内涵的共性和差异性,并将物质代谢划分为生命代谢、生态代谢和经济或社会代谢等三大类.在此基础上,根据研究重点和目标不同,将物质代谢分析划分为代谢主体分析和代谢物质分析两大类,并进一步细分为组织代谢、区域代谢、物质分析、材料分析;对主要的物质代谢分析方法的适用范围、研究对象进行了比较和界定.基于物质代谢分析框架,对国内外相关研究系统地进行了归纳和总结,客观分析和评价了当前研究存在的问题和不足,并展望了物质代谢研究的重点领域和发展方向.      

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent - Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent,the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated.The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL.The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms.The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5-10.The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr,and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model.The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process.The high temperature was favorableto the ammonium adsorption by BPTL,indicating that the adsorption was endothermic.The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langrnuir model and Freundlich model,and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37,5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15,25 and 35℃,respectively,which were comparable to those by reported minerals.Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable.Therefore,the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

Treatment of 2-phenylamino-3-methyl-6-di-n-butylaminofluoran production effluent by combination of biological treatments and Fenton＇s oxidation

High strength refractory organic stream is produced during the production of 2-phenylamino-3-methyl-6-di-n-butylaminofluoran （One Dye Black 2, abbr. ODB 2）, a novel heat-sensitive material with a promising market. In this study, a combination of acidificationprecipitation, primary biological treatment, Fenton＇s oxidation and another biological treatment was successfully used for the removal of COD from 18000-25000 mg/L to below 200 mg/L from the ODB 2 production wastewater in a pilot experiment. A COD removal of 70%-80% was achieved by acidification-precipitation under a pH of 2.5-3.0. The first step biodegradafion permitted an average COD removal of 70% under an hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 30 h. By batch tests, the optimum conditions of Fenton＇s oxidation were acquired as： Fe^2＋ dose 6.0 mmol/L; H2O2 dose 3000 mg/L; and reaction time 6 h. The second step biological treatment could ensure an effluent COD below 200 mg/L under an HRT of 10 h following the Fenton＇s treatment.     

浅析地聚合物的发展和研究动态

地聚合物是一类新型的高性能无机聚合物材料，是碱激活胶凝材料中最具前途的一类。由于其特殊的无机缩聚三维氧化物网络结构，使得地聚合物材料在众多方面具有比高分子材料、水泥、陶瓷和金属更高的高温性能和机械性能；另一方面，地聚合物材料制造过程中的能耗和三废排放量都非常低，材料对环境友好并且可以很好地被回收再年利用，是一种可持续发展的“绿色环保材料”。在比较全面地论述地聚合物材料的发展历史、生产工艺的基础上分析目前存在的问题，提出开发地聚合物材料是兼顾社会发展和减轻环境污染问题的一个较理想的对策。     

基于活性微生物特征的供水管壁生物膜生长特性

管网生物膜由各种活性微生物、微生物残体及有机无机杂质组成,管网生物膜的生长会导致机会致病菌寄居、管道腐蚀以及水质恶化等系列饮用水卫生问题.为研究供水管壁生物膜形成过程和附着生长活性微生物的分布特征,采用异养菌平板计数(HPC)、流式细胞术(FCM)和16S rRNA高通量测序对3种典型室内供水管材:聚氯乙烯(PVC)、无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)、不锈钢(STS)内壁活性微生物的生长特性和群落多样性进行了分析.结果表明,PVC管壁生物量在第73 d最先达到峰值,3种管材内壁单位面积最大生物量、生物膜成熟时期生物量均呈现PVC PPR STS的规律. 3种管材表面活性细菌群落结构组成上,PVC管表面主要以硝化螺旋菌门为主,PPR和STS管以疣微菌门为主,其中STS管壁上生物膜物种丰富度最低、多样性最小,群落结构最简单. PVC和PPR管内壁表面相较STS管存在更多的蓝藻细菌和放线菌,在饮用水输配过程中更易引发饮用水嗅味问题.管材介质对管壁生物膜上微生物群落结构存在一定影响.     

典型污染源材料中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的释放

为研究以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）为代表的含卤半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）在室内空气中的扩散特性,在对杭州室内环境（办公室、居室）空气中PDBEs14种单体浓度检测的基础上,分析比较了不同污染源材料中PBDEs的含量,测定了材料PBDEs挥发强度系数;探究了典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素及其相关性.结果表明,杭州室内环境空气颗粒相和气相中PBDEs平均浓度为427.26和416.46pg/m³,其中颗粒相和气相中主要特征单体均为BDE-209.所选取的9种室内常用材料的PBDEs挥发强度系数大小依次为：地毯>电线>塑料板>阻燃布>电路板>防烫桌布>保温棉>自粘墙纸>绝缘胶带.对比不同材料中各PBDEs同系组的含量：绝缘胶带、塑料板、防烫桌布、阻燃布中十溴二苯醚（deca-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为81.33%、63.83%、27.3%和34.1%;电线中四溴二苯醚（tetra-BDEs）的占比最高,为29.83%;自粘墙纸、电路板、地毯、保温棉中五溴二苯醚（penta-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为35.82%、41.25%、45.75%和38.64%.典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素实验结果表明,环境模拟舱中的PBDEs总浓度与温度和封闭时间对数均呈显著正相关,相关系数r和显著水平P分别为r=0.811,p<0.05和r=0.883,p<0.05,且封闭时间对源释放PBDEs总浓度的影响比温度稍大.同时,污染源特征因素（材料中PBDEs的固有含量与PBDEs挥发强度系数）对源释放的影响程度比环境因素（温度和封闭时间）大.     

Shellac-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for removal of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution

This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging showed shellac-coated magnetic nanoparticle (SCMN) adsorbents had a core-shell structure with a core of 20 nm and shell of 5 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis suggested the occurrence of reaction between carboxyl groups on the SCMN adsorbent surface and cadmium ions in aqueous solution. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second-order model and adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum adsorption capacity of 18.80 mg/g. SCMN adsorbents provided a favorable adsorption capacity under high salinity conditions, and cadmium could easily be desorbed using mild organic acid solutions at low concentration.     

粉煤灰基质滤料生物过滤处理生活污水研究

将粉煤灰基质滤料用于曝气生物滤池,该滤料具有较高的比表面积和孔隙率,吸附性能良好,挂膜后生物相丰富。对于中等浓度的生活污水,当水力负荷和COD有机物负荷分别控制在1.53 m3/(m2.h)、3.68 kg/(m3.d)以下时,该曝气生物滤池COD和NH3-N去除率能稳定在85%以上,出水COD和NH3-N达到排放标准要求。该曝气生物滤池对进水水质水量的变动具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

人工生物浮岛载体的研究进展

为改善浮岛性能,减少有机高分子材料所造成的"白色污染",有必要研制开发新型浮岛载体-轻质高效微生物载体.从国内外浮岛的研究现状看,目前在工程实例中广泛采用的是有机高分子材料载体,无机材料的浮岛尚处于实验研究阶段.在对几种典型无机材料-轻质滤料的物理特性、成分、化学稳定性、价格、来源等方面进行综合分析后可知,用无机材料制作有机浮岛载体的替代品是可行的,具有广阔的发展前景,但还需进一步的研究和探索.