活性炭/H2O2催化氧化-絮凝法预处理化工有机废水

用活性炭作催化剂、H2O2作氧化剂催化氧化预处理高浓度化工有机废水,考察了各种因素对COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在H2O2加入量为0．8mL／L、活性炭与H2O2质量比为0．7、废水pH为4的条件下,反应120min后,调废水pH至8,加入絮凝剂聚合氯化铝进行絮凝沉淀,废水COD去除率达70％以上,色度去除率达80％以上。通过色谱-质谱仪对处理前后废水中的有机物进行分析,初步探讨了活性炭／H2O2催化氧化-絮凝法预处理化工有机废水的作用机理。     

城市污水Al盐化学除磷的试验研究

针对新疆地区污水厂总磷去除效率有限,出水总磷存在超标排放风险的问题。试验中采用自配不同总磷含量的生活污水,通过小试试验,投加AlCl3进行试验室模拟化学除磷试验。研究结果表明:进水总磷浓度为2～4mg/L时,投加AlCl3/TP质量比为8.6;进水总磷浓度为6mg/L时,投加AlCl3/TP质量比上升到13.1,出水总磷浓度均<0.5mg/L,AlCl3投加不会改变污水的pH值,化学沉淀最佳时间为30min。建议设计除磷沉淀池的停留时间为25min～30min。     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.     

苯酚、苯胺对吸附胶束絮凝过程的影响

吸附胶束絮凝(AMF)法可用于去除水体中的各种污染物,为了对其处理过程中的行为加以控制,以阴离子表面活性剂SDS和铝盐为模型,通过Zeta电位、表面张力和平均粒度等分析方法,研究了吸附胶束絮凝法对苯酚、苯胺的分离去除及苯酚、苯胺对其吸附胶束絮凝过程的影响。结果表明:苯酚的存在没有对表面活性剂胶束的絮凝产生明显的影响,由于Al3+的存在,推测苯酚以络合物的形式吸附在胶束的斯特恩层,并可通过铝盐对胶束的絮凝而与水相分离去除,其去除率在40%~50%左右。而极少量的极性有机物苯胺可使表面活性剂胶束的絮凝发生较大改变,推测苯胺的存在抑制了絮凝胶团的形成。当苯胺浓度低于100 mg/L时,苯胺的去除率可达90%左右。该研究为胶束絮凝分离溶解性有机物提供了实验参考。     

An investigation into the energy use in relation to yield of rice (Oryza sativa) in Assam, India

Energy use scenario and resulting rice yield of 576 farms belonging to six agroclimatic zones of Assam, India were investigated. Input energy from eight distinct sources, viz., human, animal, diesel, commercial chemical fertilizer, farm yard manure (FYM), seed, pesticide chemical and machinery were determined on the basis of collected data and using standard procedure. Based on the power sources used and application of commercial chemical fertilizer, four categories of farms were delineated: (i) animal power without commercial fertilizer (APNF), (ii) animal power with commercial fertilizer (APF), (iii) mechanical power without commercial fertilizer (MPNF) and (iv) mechanical power with commercial fertilizer (MPF). The best-fit curve of energy versus yield indicated that use of commercial chemical fertilizer and mechanical power resulted in higher rice yield at higher level of input energy. Moreover, as the use of energy increased the yield increased up to maxima and then declined at higher levels of energy. This was observed in all four categories of farms with variation in yield–energy values. The average values of energy input (MJ ha⁻¹) and corresponding yield (kg ha⁻¹) for the APNF, APF, MPNF and MPF type of farms were (5220, 1980); (9050, 3170); (5100, 2360) and (8320, 3800), respectively. Renewable energy dominated the rice cultivation in Assam contributing more than 50% of the total input energy with the exception of MPF category of farm where share of renewable and non-renewable were found to be almost equal. Among the farm operations, tillage was the highest energy consuming operation followed by threshing, harvesting and transplanting for all four categories of farms. However, it was observed that rice yield was not positively correlated with tillage energy.     

Immobilization of activated sludge using improved polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） gel

The microbial immobilization method using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel as an immobilizing material was improved and used for entrapment of activated sludge.The oxygen uptake rate(OUR)was used to characterize the biological activity of immobilized activated sludge.Three kinds of PVA-immobilized particles of activated sludge,that is,PVA-boric acid beads,PVA-sodium nitrate beads and PVA-orthophosphate beads were prepared,and their biological activity was compared by measuring the OUR value.The bioactivity of both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms of activated sludge was determined using different synthetic wastewater media (containing 250 mg/L COD and 25 mg/L NH_4~ -N).The experimental results showed that the bioactivity and stability of the three kinds of immobilized activated sludge was greatly improved after activation.With respect of the bioactivity and the mechanical stability,the PVA-orthophosphate method may be a promising and economical technique for microbial immobilization.     

Performance of dithiocarbamate-type flocculant in treating simulated polymer flooding produced water

Produced water from polymer flooding is di cult to treat due to its high polymer concentration, high viscosity, and emulsified characteristics. The dithiocarbamate flocculant, DTC (T403), was prepared by the amine-terminated polyoxypropane-ether compound known as Je amine-T403. The product was characterized by IR spectra and elemental analysis. The DTC agent chelating with Fe2+ produced a network polymer matrix, which captured and removed oil droplets e ciently. Oil removal by the flocculent on simulated produced water with 0, 200, 500, 900 mg/L of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was investigated for aspects of e ectiveness of DTC (T403) dosage and concentrations of HPAM and Fe2+ ions in the wastewater. Results showed that HPAM had a negative influence on oil removal e ciency when DTC (T403) dosage was lower than 20 mg/L. However, residual oil concentrations in tested samples with di erent concentrations of HPAM all decreased below 10 mg/L when DTC (T403) dosage reached 30 mg/L. The concentration of Fe2+ in the initial wastewater had a slight e ect on oil removal at the range of 2–12 mg/L. Results showed that Fe3+ could not be used in place of Fe2+ as Fe3+ could not react with DTC under flocculated conditions. The e ects of mineral salts ions were also investigated.     

某超临界汽轮机主汽阀杆断裂原因分析

目的 某热电厂超临界机组汽轮机发生主蒸汽阀阀杆(标称材质为22Cr12NiMoWV(C422)钢)断裂事故,对发电安全造成不良影响.为此,分析该阀杆断裂失效的原因,提出改进措施,以避免类似事故的发生.方法 从外观检查、成分测定、金相检验以及断口观察等方面入手,结合硬度和冲击性能测试,探讨阀杆断裂的主要原因.结果 该断裂...     

基于分档策略的装备统一环境试验条件设计方法

目的 研究提出基于分档策略的装备统一环境试验条件设计方法。方法 首先，对装备力、热、自然等环境试验条件的统一化进行详细论证，研究得到不同类型环境条件的分档策略。然后，对不同型号环境试验条件的项目进行分析，提出环境试验项目“基本项”+“定制项”的统一方法，得到通用试验项目和定制试验项目。随后，对于特定环境试验项目，提出基于极值的“包络式”、基于概率统计的“精细式”和基于就近归集的“分档式”3种统一环境试验条件制定方法，给出各种方法的特点、剪裁方法，并结合典型航天型号，给出应用案例和方法示意。结果 得到了基于分档策略的装备统一环境条件制定的方法，给出了典型装备的分档环境试验条件。结论 从装备的实际出发，提出的基于分档策略的装备统一环境试验条件的设计方法，经实践证明是可行的，对于降低货架产品的研制、批产和验收成本具有重要工程意义，并且对于其他类型产品的技术条件统一化具有重要的借鉴意义。