膜生物反应器在我国工业污水处理中的发展进程

膜生物反应器作为一种污水处理新技术,其研究和应用在我国受到广泛关注。综述了MBR的工艺特点,概述了在我国MBR技术在工业污水处理领域的发展进程,指出了未来MBR技术研究的挑战和工业应用发展的方向。     

不同填埋龄垃圾生物反应器反硝化性能研究

在渗滤液回灌基础上,结合垃圾堆体本身为厌氧环境的特性,开发出的生物反应器垃圾堆体渗滤液原位脱氮技术已成为目前的研究热点。文章以从杭州市固体废弃物处理有限公司天子岭填埋场采集的不同填埋龄垃圾为试材,利用系列自制生活垃圾生物反应器模拟装置,通过回灌硝酸盐溶液,探讨了不同填埋龄垃圾在碳源充足情况下的反硝化性能特征。结果表明当垃圾堆体自身降解的有机物量充足时,1~12 a垃圾的反硝化性能均较强,且差异不大;所有反应器在最初的1 h内硝酸盐去除率最高,达70%~92%。这说明开发生物反应器垃圾堆体渗滤液原位脱氮技术具有一定的现实可行性。     

浸没式膜生物反应器中气含率的研究

通过对浸没式膜生物反应器中总平均气相含率、下降区气含率和上升区气含率的测量和研究,实验表明:反应器运行的适宜工况流量为:100~300 m3/h之间,曝气量:2.5~7.5 m3/h;验证了静压差法测量气含率的方法在膜生物反应器中的适用性;根据测量数据分析得出膜生物反应器中总平均气含率随曝气量的增大而增加,整个下降区气含率及计算得到的上升区气含率都稳定增大,但下降区内部每段气含率呈现余弦曲线的变化规律。     

N2O and NH3 emissions from a bioreactor landfill operated under limited aerobic degradation conditions

The combination of leachate recirculation and aeration to landfill may be an efficient way for in-situ nitrogen removal. However, nitrogenous substances contained in the landfill layer are concomitantly transformed into N2O and NH3, leading to increased emissions into the atmosphere. In the present study, the emissions of N2O and NH3 were measured under conditions of fresh or partially stabilized refuse with or without leachate recirculation or intermittent aeration. The results showed that the largest N2O emission (12.4 mg-N/L of the column) was observed in the aerated column loaded with partially stabilized refuse and recycled with the leachate of low C/N ratio; while less than 0.33 mg-N/L of the column was produced in the other columns. N2O production was positively correlated with the prolonged aerobic time and negatively related with the C/N ratio in the recycled leachate. NH3 volatilization increased with enhanced gas flow and concentration of free ammonia in the leachate, and the highest cumulative volatilization quantity was 1.7 mg-N/L of the column.     

膜生物反应器中排泥方式对污泥胞外聚合物的影响

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)中间歇排泥以及连续排泥条件下污泥停留时间(SRT)与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)变化的关系。试验结果表明:在间歇排泥方式下的污泥EPS都明显高于连续排泥方式下的。随着SRT的增加,附着型EPS浓度先是稍有减少,之后快速增加,溶解性EPS则增加。     

不同运行条件下厌氧微网反应器运行特性研究

采用涤纶网加工的微网膜组件与厌氧反应器结合构成厌氧微网生物反应器用于处理城市生活污水,考察了反应器在停留时间4 h、8 h和16 h、膜通量72 L/m2.h和36 L/m2.h、微网目数250目和380目条件下的运行特性。试验结果表明,反应器的停留时间与进水COD的去除率成线性关系,停留时间越长,COD去除率越高,但对TN的去除影响不大;膜通量的减小有利于出水水质的变好;提高微网目数有利于提高微网动态膜的截留性能。     

生物法降解含油污泥反应器流场及工作参数研究

为提高生物反应器法处理含油污泥的降解效率,对生物反应器内铜绿假单胞菌NY3降解含油污泥的工艺过程进行研究.建立了生物反应器内气-液-固三相流场动力学模型和群体平衡模型(PBM),结合FLUENT软件对反应器内气泡直径分布和搅拌转速进行仿真.研究发现,直径在6mm以下的气泡占比为85%,能有效增加反应体系溶解氧浓度,并模拟出反应器最佳离底悬浮转速为150r/min.利用氧守恒原理建立了曝气速率随时间的变化关系模型,并通过设计实验确定最佳接菌量为15.23%,温度为32.56℃,指导最终降解过程的工艺参数选择.通过设定最佳工作参数值,用多功能生物反应器对6kg含油污泥进行降解实验,反应9d后石油烃降解率高达86.20%,含油率为1.46%.研究结果表明,生物反应器法降解含油污泥周期短、效率高,为处理含油污泥提供了一种有效可靠的新途径.     

上层曝气式生物反应器填埋工艺特性的研究

通过实验室模拟填埋柱,将厌氧生物反应器与上层曝气式生物反应器进行对比研究,以探究好氧预处理-厌氧运行方式下生物反应器内固体垃圾、渗滤液性质以及填埋气回收率的变化特征.结果表明,厌氧生物反应器A1受酸抑制影响,实验过程中几乎无甲烷气体产生,垃圾层沉降高度5.4 cm,且主要归结于垃圾自身重力下的压实作用,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度高达70 000 mg·L-1和30000 mg·L-1,尚未出现降低趋势.好氧预处理则有效缓解了填埋柱内酸抑制现象,垃圾降解速度明显加快,产甲烷环境于曝气60 d内建立.至反应器运行结束,垃圾层沉降高度11.5 cm,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度分别降低至14000mg·L-1和8900 mg·L-1,甲烷累积产量61976 mL,回收利用率高达95%以上.然而,上层曝气式生物反应器操作模式相对比较复杂,其反应器运行效果还受到回灌操作和曝气条件等多方面因素的影响和制约.因此,需调节渗滤液回灌操作与曝气条件以实现反应器的高效运行.     

SMBR系统活性污泥性质对膜污染特征的影响

采用浸没式膜生物反应器(Submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR),在曝气量300 L·h-1、膜通量15 L·m-2·h-1、抽吸/间歇时间为8 min/2 min的工况下,在缺氧区采用不同搅拌强度运行,研究了活性污泥特性及其对滤饼层特征的影响.试验结果表明,搅拌强度对系统主要水质指标的去除没有明显的影响.但随着搅拌强度的突然增加,会导致活性污泥上清液胶体态物质升高,胞外聚合物由(28.94±9.61)mg·g-1(以VSS计,下同)增加到(52.57±7.98)mg·g-1,膜污染速率增加2.13倍;滤饼层污染引起的跨膜压差(Trans-membrane pressure,TMP)占到总TMP的93.64%以上.     

In vitro conservation and sustained production of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae): modern technologies for a traditional tropical crop

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae) is a traditionally cultivated, high-energy, high-yield crop, but widespread use of the plant for food is limited by poor quality and poor storage properties of the fruit. A unique field genebank of breadfruit species and cultivars exists at the National Tropical Botanical Garden in the Hawaiian Islands and is an important global resource for conservation and sustainable use of breadfruit. However, this plant collection could be damaged by a random natural disaster such as a hurricane. We have developed a highly efficient in vitro plant propagation system to maintain, conserve, mass propagate, and distribute elite varieties of this important tree species. Mature axillary shoot buds were collected from three different cultivars of breadfruit and proliferated using a cytokinin-supplemented medium. The multiple shoots were maintained as stock cultures and repeatedly used to develop whole plants after root differentiation on a basal or an auxin-containing medium. The plantlets were successfully grown under greenhouse conditions and were reused to initiate additional shoot cultures for sustained production of plants. Flow cytometry was used to determine the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content and the ploidy status of the in vitro grown population. The efficacy of the micropropagation protocols developed in this study represents a significant advancement in the conservation and sustained mass propagation of breadfruit germplasm in a controlled environment free from contamination.