异生型化合物生物降解及调控机理研究进展

异生型化合物是一种具有多种毒害作用的难降解污染物,因此利用微生物资源降解异生型化合物具有十分重要的意义。文章综述了异生型化合物微生物降解途径及调控机理方面的最新研究进展,同时探讨了功能基因组学、宏基因组学以及蛋白质组学技术在相关研究中的应用。     

Isolation and characteristics of a novel biphenyl-degrading bacterial strain, Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4

A novel biphenyl-degrading bacterial strain LA-4 was isolated from activated sludge. It was identified as Dyella ginsengisoli according to phylogenetic similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence. This isolate could utilize biphenyl as sole source of carbon and energy, which degraded over 95 mg/L biphenyl within 36 h. The major metabolites formed from biphenyl, such as 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid (HOPDA) and benzoic acid, were identified by LC-MS. The crude cell extract of strain LA-4 exhibited the activity of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (2,3-DHBD) and the kinetic parameters were Km= 26.48 μmol/L and Vmax= 8.12 μmol/mg protein. A conserved region of the biphenyl dioxygenase gene bphA1 of strain LA-4 was amplified by PCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing.     

Enterobacter sp.CV-v对孔雀石绿的脱色特性及机理研究

采用单因素实验研究了各种操作因素对菌株Enterobacter sp.CV-v降解孔雀石绿的影响.结果表明,在供试碳源中,葡萄糖对脱色的促进效果最为显著,而供试氮源中,酵母粉对脱色的促进效果最优;同时,供试金属离子中,锰离子对脱色的促进效果最优.在p H=3.0~10.0、温度20~50℃之间时,菌株CV-v对孔雀石绿的12 h脱色率在90%以上.此外,该菌株可在6 h内完全脱色浓度低于500 mg·L-1的孔雀石绿.动力学实验结果表明,该菌株对孔雀石绿脱色的动力学数据与一级动力学模型拟合度最好(R2=0.9755).酶分析实验结果表明,锰过氧化物酶和孔雀石绿还原酶可能与菌株CV-v降解孔雀石绿相关.此外,代谢产物分析实验结果表明,菌株CV-v降解孔雀石绿的主要产物为二甲氨基二苯甲酮和4-羟基-N,N-二甲基苯铵.     

实用厨房油雾净化方法

通过对过滤材料的实验,研究了几种过滤材料对厨房油雾的净化性能并建立了新型的过滤材料的布置方式。     

农作物秸秆资源的综合利用

本文对农作物秸秆的产量、开发利用现状、设备及存在的问题等方面进行了分析研究,并对秸秆的综合利用作了初步的探讨     

咪唑烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解及其代谢物分析

通过分析咪唑烟酸在4种典型土壤中灭菌和非灭菌条件下的降解动力学差异,初步探讨了土壤中的微生物对其降解的贡献率。结果表明,咪唑烟酸在非灭菌条件下的半衰期为29～44d,在灭菌条件下的半衰期为81～134d,在非灭菌条件下的降解速率比灭菌条件下提高1 3～3 4倍。在小粉土中微生物降解的理论半衰期约为48d,为灭菌条件下的近3倍,充分说明了土壤中的微生物在咪唑烟酸的降解中起着非常重要的作用。运用LC-ESI-MS检测到4种微生物降解产物,它们的分子量分别为219,222,201和149,并由此推断了咪唑烟酸在土壤中降解转化的主要途径为:首先被微生物转化成更为稳定的氨盐产物,然后再进一步脱甲基、羧基和异丙基及咪唑啉酮环的开裂和重排等。      

不同曝气方式对人工湿地细菌多样性、代谢活性及功能的影响

细菌在人工湿地去除污染物过程中起着非常关键的作用.基于DNA和RNA高通量测序技术探讨了不同曝气强化方式影响下的人工湿地单元内细菌多样性、代谢活性和功能.结果发现:①养殖废水和人工湿地处理组共检测到细菌4 042个操作分类单元(OTUs),其中α-变形菌、γ-变形菌和拟杆菌为多样性最高的类群,且人工湿地曝气强化方式会在...     

一株发酵纤维素产丁酸菌及其代谢动力学特性

为开发降解纤维素产丁酸菌的种子资源,从牛粪、猪粪堆肥、玉米地土壤和腐木混合物的富集样品中分离得到一株厌氧降解纤维素产丁酸菌.该菌株细胞呈杆状,长7.1~9.1μm,直径1.2μm左右,经鉴定为丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum),命名为C. Butyricum DCB.在35℃条件下,菌株DCB在纤维二糖液体培养基中的最大比生长速率为0.6536h^-1,世代时间为1.06h,纤维二糖降解速率为0.1g/(L·h),丁酸生成速率为0.06g/(L·h).该菌株利用纤维素发酵产丁酸的转化率高达0.23g/g,具有良好的开发前景.     

运用"6 σ管理法"的思想改善安全管理

尝试将“6σ管理法”的思想引入安全管理活动中,把安全管理活动设计成一定的管理流程,通过分析流程中每个过程的偏差或缺陷,从而找出消除偏差或缺陷的方法并加以实施,追求安全管理的精细和完美,最终实现安全生产。     

Mutagenicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by chemical models for cytochrome P450 in Ames assay

DNA damage is an important step in carcinogenesis. The Ames assay is a short-term screening of carcinogens that induce DNA damage. Most carcinogens require enzymatic activation through oxidation by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in the presence of S9 mix. A combination of iron (Fe)(III) porphyrin and an oxidant is also able to oxidize compounds as an alternative metabolic pathway to CYP450. Previously it was reported that a chemical model containing a water-soluble 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium4-yl)porphyrinatoiron(III) chloride (4-MPy) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) activated aromatic amines and amides. In this study, a chemical model composed of an Fe porphyrin, water-insoluble 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinatoiron(III) chloride (F₅P) or water-soluble 4-MPy was optimized with an oxidant – t-BuOOH, magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MPPT), or iodosylbenzene (PhIO). Subsequently the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and chrysene in Salmonella typhimurium TA strains was compared. B[a]P was activated by a combination of F₅P or 4-MPy plus MPPT or PhIO in S. typhimurium TA1538. The B[a]P-induced mutagenicity with F₅P plus oxidant was higher than 4-MPy plus oxidant. Mutagenicity of chrysene, a tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, was not detected in the presence of F₅P/PhIO in S. typhimurium TA98, but was activated in the presence of F₅P/MPPT. The F₅P/MPPT activated other polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the S. typhimurium TA98 assay including dibenz[a,c]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo[a]anthracene. The results indicated that the F₅P/MPPT was the most efficient model for detecting PAH-induced mutagenicity in the Ames assay.