应用假单胞菌进行防蜡作用的研究

假单胞菌L－11菌体与其胞外产物可以作为一种很好的防蜡剂，对L－11的发酵条件进行了优化，确定了最适发酵培养基的配方，发酵培养基以葡萄糖、蛋白胨为其最适碳、氮源，防蜡剂生产的发酵条件为：前16h的发酵温度为35℃，后期将温度降至20℃，发酵液的pH=4．5为发酵终点，此时发酵液在内条件下的防蜡率为78％，将上述所得菌液在大庆油田做了防蜡实验，结果表明，注入L－11的油井洗井周期有所延长，实验证明了L－11的发酵液可以作为一种经济、有效的蜡剂。     

黄原酯棉回收废弃电子电路板中金的研究

废弃电子电路板经王水溶解后，在盐酸介质中，用自制的黄原酯棉吸附。用6mol/L HCl洗涤杂质后，5％Na2SO3洗脱Au，控制溶液的流速为1mL/min。洗脱液浓缩后，再用20％ Na2SO3沉淀得到99.59%Au。     

The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment

Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III) to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface.     

Temporal variation and distribution of trace metals in freshwater and fish from Calabar River, S.E. Nigeria

An investigation on the abundance and distribution of trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb) in water, and nine species of fish samples from Calabar river was carried out in 1992. The concentrations of iron (6000–7240gl^–1), zinc (4910–7230gl^–1), and cadmium (3–7gl^–1) showed moderate pollution while those of copper (420–630gl^–1), manganese (23–48gl^–1), chromium (<10–20gl^–1) and lead (<1–10gl^–1) in water were well below WHO permissible levels. Significant seasonal changes (0.001p0.25) were obtained for iron, copper, zinc, manganese and cadmium in water. Furthermore, iron, zinc and cadmium showed statistically significant spatial changes (0.005p0.10). Of the nine fish species studied, no statistically significant relationship between body weight and the concentrations of the metals was observed. The concentrations of the metals per mean total body weight apparently decreases in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Cd=Cr and were within the limits that were safe for consumption.     

水环境中痕量重金属生物活性形态的分析

水环境中痕量重金属的生物活性形态,包括生物可吸收态和生物毒性形态,这种形态的分析是重金属形态分析研究的一个重要发展方向。对于水环境中重金属对生物的毒害现状评价、潜在危害预测以及水环境容量的确定、排放标准和污染治理方案的制定,具有重要意义。本文总结了各种物理化学法重金属形态分析的结果与生物测试重金属形态测定结果之间的相关性,进而探讨了应用物理化学方法进行金属生物活性形态分析的可行性和特点。     

大坞河流域重金属污染与五节芒光谱效应关系研究

以大坞河流域五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）可见一近红外光谱以及叶片样本Cu、Zn、Fe元素质量分数监测数据为基础，对研究区内五节芒中重金属质量分数特征、光谱特征及两者的相关性进行了探讨。结果表明：五节芒叶片中3种金属元素的质量分数都较高；从上游到下游，五节芒叶片中Cu质量分数整体呈逐渐降低的趋势，五节芒光谱反射率在可见光区和近红外区均增加，红边“红移”（向长波方向飘移）强度逐渐减小；同时，五节芒叶片中Cu质量分数与五节芒可见光区、近红外区光谱反射率积分值呈负相关性，与红边“红移”强度、土壤中Cu质量分数呈正相关。并由此得出五节芒光谱特征中A1、A2、S等3项指标能够较好反映土壤的Cu污染程度，经进一步深入研究，可以将五节芒作为监测矿区土壤Cu污染的指示植物。     

Cd和Cu在草甸棕壤-植物系统中行为特性的研究

在沈阳生态站开展了重金属迁移积累行为特性的试验研究，探讨了不同重金属元素在土壤及作物体内迁移积累变化规律。外源重金属元素Cd、Cu施入土壤后，无论是低剂量还足高剂量处理，水田土壤Cd元素已迁移到45cm的深度，而Cu元素迁移到30cm的深度。早田土壤低剂量和高剂量处理Cd迁移到30cm，而Cu元素只有高剂量处理迁移到30cm的深度。土壤Cd、Cu元素向下层迁移的量微乎其微，重金属元素大多滞留在土壤表层。水稻、玉米吸收的Cd大部分积累在作物体的根和茎叶中，而Cu大部分积累在作物体的根系中，Cd、Cu籽实吸收量占植物体总吸收量的1．16％～3％。水稻、玉米地上部吸收Cd的量〉地卜部吸收Cu的量，在作物体中Cd的迁移能力强于Cu的迁移能力。     

Risk-Based Viable Population Monitoring

Abstract:  We describe risk-based viable population monitoring, in which the monitoring indicator is a yearly prediction of the probability that, within a given timeframe, the population abundance will decline below a prespecified level. Common abundance-based monitoring strategies usually have low power to detect declines in threatened and endangered species and are largely reactive to declines. Comparisons of the population's estimated risk of decline over time will help determine status in a more defensible manner than current monitoring methods. Monitoring risk is a more proactive approach; critical changes in the population's status are more likely to be demonstrated before a devastating decline than with abundance-based monitoring methods. In this framework, recovery is defined not as a single evaluation of long-term viability but as maintaining low risk of decline for the next several generations. Effects of errors in risk prediction techniques are mitigated through shorter prediction intervals, setting threshold abundances near current abundance, and explicitly incorporating uncertainty in risk estimates. Viable population monitoring also intrinsically adjusts monitoring effort relative to the population's true status and exhibits considerable robustness to model misspecification. We present simulations showing that risk predictions made with a simple exponential growth model can be effective monitoring indicators for population dynamics ranging from random walk to density dependence with stable, decreasing, or increasing equilibrium. In analyses of time-series data for five species, risk-based monitoring warned of future declines and demonstrated secure status more effectively than statistical tests for trend.     

黄磷尾气回收系统的安全设计

对一个 5 0 0 0t a的黄磷电炉的尾气回收系统的设计进行了全面的安全分析 ,指出了其中存在的不足。在此基础上 ,提出了一个改进的设计方案 ,新的设计在生产应用中取得了明显的成效 ,安全性和效益均得到明显的提高。     

秦皇岛市废矿物油资源化初探

在分析秦皇岛市废矿物油的产生和排放现状的基础上，指出废矿物油资源化是解决近岸海域油污染的最佳条件，并提出了一些可操作性的废矿物油资源化对策。