Persistence of metsulfuron‐methyl in two soils

Abstract

The persistence of metsulfuron‐methyl in sandy loam and clay soil incubated at different temperatures and moistures contents was investigated under laboratory conditions using longbean (Vigna sesquipedalis L.) as bioassay species. A significant degradation of metsulfuron‐methyl was observed in non‐autoclaved soil rather than the autoclaved soil sample. At higher temperature, the degradation rate in non‐autoclaved soil improved with increasing soil moisture content. In non‐autoclaved sandy loam and clay soil, the half‐life was reduced from 9.0 to 5.7 and from 11.2 to 4.6 days, respectively when moisture level of sandy loam increased from 20 to 80% field capacity at 35°C. In the autoclaved soil, herbicide residue seems to have been broken down by non‐biological process. The rate of dissipation was slightly increased after the second application of the herbicide to non‐autoclaved soils but not in autoclaved soil, indicating the importance of microorganisms in the breakdown process.     

Pesticide decontamination from fabric by laundering and simulated weathering1

Abstract

This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of selected detergents and the phenomenon of simulated environmental conditions (weathering) on the removal of a commercial‐grade mixture of parathion and methyl parathion from a three‐layer laminated fabric. The weathering treatment consisted of exposure and non‐exposure to simulated environmental conditions of heat, light, and humidity. Contaminated fabric samples were laundered in one of three detergents containing an anionic, a nonionic, and a combined anionic and nonionic surfactant. The test fabric, a three‐layer fabric containing an impermeable microporous film laminated between two layers of nylon, was pipette‐contaminated with 400 microliters of field strength pesticide solution and allowed to dry. Half of the contaminated samples were weathered in an Atlas Fade‐Ometer. All of the contaminated samples were subsequently laundered in a Launder‐Ometer. Percent of pesticide residue was determined by gas chromatography. Weathering did significantly reduce both parathion and methyl parathion residues remaining in the test fabric. No statistically significant difference was found among the three detergents. High amounts of both parathion and methyl parathion remained in the test fabric after weathering and laundry treatments. Before the test fabric can be recommended for use in protective garments further research is needed to develop more effective decontamination procedures.     

Degradation of disulfoton,oxydemeton‐methyl,methamidophos and demeton in asparagus plant

Abstract

Disulfoton and methamidophos (both at 1.12 kg a.i./ha), oxydemeton‐methyl and demeton, (both at 0.56 kg a.i./ha) were applied as post‐harvest foliar sprays to control the European asparagus aphid, Brachycolus asparagi. Oxidation of disulfoton, oxydemeton‐methyl and demeton to their corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones occurred in asparagus foliage 2 to 5 days after application. The total residues of these three compounds, including their toxic oxidative metabolites declined to less than 0.5 ppm about 47 days after the spray application whereas methamidophos persisted longer; 0.84 ppm of its residue was found even after 85 days. No residue was found above the limit of detection of 0.002 ppm in any asparagus spears which were produced in the following spring; the four compounds were sprayed on the asparagus plants during the previous season at realistic rates for aphid control.     

地下水浅埋区某加油站特征污染物空间分布简

加油站渗漏污染地下水已经是一个世界性的问题。由于浅埋区加油站储罐与地下水密切接触,更加剧储罐的腐蚀。为揭示加油站渗漏的典型污染物石油烃（TPH）、苯系物（BTEX）、萘和甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）在该水文地质条件下的迁移变化,在浅埋区某加油站开展了平、枯、丰水期的地下水监测工作。在水平分布上,TPH、BTEX、萘基本相似,均在加油岛附近形成高浓度区,而MTBE则更易随地下水流动而迁移,呈现出不同的污染晕。在垂直分布上,地下水的水位变动是污染物浓度分布的主要影响因素。     

基于人工神经网络和遗传算法研究锰过氧化酶脱色甲基橙

基于锰过氧化物酶(MnP)氧化脱色偶氮类染料的原理,实验研究MnP对甲基橙的脱色工艺,采用人工神经网络(ANN)和遗传算法(GA)建立脱色模型并优化工艺。建立的ANN模型的误差、相关系数、均方根误差和绝对平均偏差分别为0.0009、0.9971、1.21和6.82,模型有效且能够用于预测和工艺优化。采用GA对ANN模型进行数值寻优,得到的最佳工艺条件为酶液量0.6 mL,Mn2+浓度4 mmol/L,H2O2浓度0.49 mmol/L。该条件下脱色率达到(90.74±0.59)%。ANN耦合GA有效地建立了锰过氧化物酶脱色甲基橙的模型,并优化了工艺参数,为甲基橙脱色的研究提供一定参考。     

Fe（Ⅱ）EDTA／H2O2电催化降解甲基橙模拟废水的研究

在无隔膜电解槽中,采用SPR（Ru—Ir—TiO2）为阳极,石墨为阴极,考察了Fe（Ⅱ）EDTA／H2O2电催化降解甲基橙（methylorange）模拟废水的影响,发现EDTA很大程度上促进了类电Fenton试剂对甲基橙模拟废水的降解。实验研究表明,在外加电压为5．0V,EDTA：Fe2＋=2：1（摩尔比,Fe2＋=40mmol／L）,H202=48mmot／L,电解质Na2SO4=40mmol／L,废水pH值为（6．5±0．1）的条件下,降解260mg／L的甲基橙模拟废水90min,EDTA的加入可以使甲基橙模拟废水的脱色率由29．5％上升到78．4％,COD由571．429mg／L降至80mg／L,COD的降解率为86％,EDTA在此过程中既是催化剂又是反应物,可有效避免EDTA带来二次环境污染的可能性。     

Worm-like分子筛负载磷钨酸催化剂的制备及光降解甲基橙的性能研究

以Worm-like分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备不同磷钨酸负载量的负载型催化剂,并采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和N2吸附/脱附等手段对负载型磷钨酸催化剂进行表征。结果表明,磷钨酸成功负载在Worm-like分子筛上,且随着磷钨酸负载量的增加,FT-IR、XRD和N2吸附/脱附结果呈规律性变化。将该系列催化剂用于光催化降解甲基橙实验,结果表明,甲基橙质量浓度为20mg/L,磷钨酸负载量为70%(质量分数)时,甲基橙降解率为87.2%;回收催化剂并重复使用3次,甲基橙降解率仍达75%以上。     

铁炭微电解-Fe~（2＋）/K_2S_2O_8降解甲基橙

针对偶氮类有机物废水具有色度大,难降解的特点,以对二甲基氨基偶氮苯磺酸钠（甲基橙）为模拟研究对象,对水体系中铁炭微电解-Fe2＋/K2S2O8降解甲基橙的方法进行了研究。通过正交实验确定出该方法各因素的影响程度,进一步通过单因素影响实验确定该方法的最佳条件是：铁炭微电解填料、FeSO4和K2S2O8投加量分别为300 g/L、1.3mmol/L和0.7 mmol/L,初始pH值为7.0。在最佳条件下,甲基橙COD和色度去除率分别能达到64.7%和68.2%。     

PANI-TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其降解甲基橙的性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法和原位氧化聚合法制备了新型聚苯胺修饰纳米TiO_2(PANI-TiO_2)复合光催化剂。以甲基橙溶液模拟有机染料废水,考察了过硫酸钾加入量、苯胺加入量、盐酸浓度及反应温度对PANI-TiO_2复合光催化剂降解甲基橙性能的影响。采用XRD,UV-vis,FTIR技术对PANI-TiO_2复合光催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:PANI-TiO_2复合光催化剂降解甲基橙的最适宜工艺条件为:n(过硫酸钾):n(钛酸四丁酯)=0.1,n(苯胺):n(钛酸四丁酯)=0.11,盐酸浓度2 mol/L,反应温度20℃,在此最适宜条件下,反应时间为60 min时,甲基橙降解率为97%。表征结果显示:与TiO_2相比,PANI-TiO_2复合光催化剂明显发生了红移现象,带隙变窄,有利于光催化反应效率的提高;与PANI相比,PANI-TiO_2复合光催化剂的红外特征峰向低波数的方向发生偏移;PANI-TiO_2复合光催化剂为锐钛矿型。     

基于聚合多巴胺的磁性碳材料的制备及其对甲基绿的吸附

以聚合多巴胺为碳源制备碳材料包覆的磁性纳米颗粒.通过多巴胺的自聚合反应将其包覆在Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒上,在氩气保护下高温灼烧得Fe_3O_4@C复合材料.包覆碳材料后,Fe_3O_4颗粒的稳定性和分散性提高.使用扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱和振动磁强计对材料进行了表征.结果表明成功地制备了核壳结构的Fe_3O_4@C复合材料.用甲基绿来考察Fe_3O_4@C的吸附性能.研究表明,溶液pH对甲基绿的吸附有显著的影响,随溶液pH的升高,甲基绿的吸附容量显著增大.用朗格缪尔吸附等温模型拟合出在纯水、湖水和自来水中Fe_3O_4@C对甲基绿的最大吸附容量分别为490.1、442.5和389.1 mg·g~(-1).热力学研究计算出吸附的吉布斯自由能为负值,说明吸附是自发过程.动力学研究表明甲基绿在Fe_3O_4@C上的吸附过程符合拟二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率较快.