滇池沉积物菌群对微囊藻毒素的厌氧生物降解

好氧微生物降解已经被证明是微囊藻毒素(MC)自然转化的主要途径,但是厌氧降解的作用尚不明确.为了揭示这一降解过程,研究了滇池沉积物中混合菌群在厌氧条件下对MCLR的降解能力,并考察了环境因素和外加营养源对该过程的影响.结果表明,厌氧条件下MCLR在2 d内从5 mg/L迅速降解到检测限以下,说明该菌群在厌氧条件下对MCLR具有较强的降解能力,并且可以利用MCLR作为唯一氮源.在实验温度范围内,MCLR的降解速率随着温度的升高而增大.酸性条件下MCLR的厌氧降解缓慢(pH=5.0)甚至停止(pH=3.0),而中性(pH=7.0)和碱性(pH为9.0、11.0)条件下降解速率没有显著差异.单独添加葡萄糖可以产生酸性物质而使体系的pH下降,从而抑制MCLR的降解,但是同时添加硝酸盐可以消除这一影响.单独添加硝酸盐对MCLR的厌氧降解也有显著的抑制作用,说明硝酸根在这一过程中未被MCLR厌氧降解菌用作最终电子受体.以上结果表明,厌氧降解可能是沉积物中MCLR转化的另一重要途径,该过程在MCLR污染治理方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

微囊藻毒素［Dha7］MCRR的制备及鉴定

以野外收集的水华蓝藻为原料,经过75％甲醇溶液浸提,快速色谱分离和半制备色谱纯化,从滇池水华蓝藻中分离纯化出1种微囊藻毒素变体。电喷雾质谱、紫外分光光度计和HPLC检测结果表明,所得毒素为[Dha7]MCRR,是MCRR的1种去甲基化变体,其纯度大于 95％。该毒素的分子组成为环(Ala-Arg-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Dha),分子量为1023,其紫外扫描光谱（200～300nm）在239nm处有特征吸收。[Dha7]MCRR在滇池水华蓝藻中普遍存在,有时会成为MC的主要种类。     

一株高效MC-RR降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为了得到一株具有降解微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)特性的产芽孢菌株,采用加热富集芽孢菌的方法,从太湖分离到一株MC-RR降解菌CM1,该菌对MC-RR具有强烈的降解特性。通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus boronitolerans)。通过研究温度和pH值对菌株CM1降解MC-RR能力的影响,发现菌株CM1在60 h将MC-RR由12.77μg/mL降解到1.67μg/mL,降解率达86.90%,最适降解温度为37℃,最适pH值为7.0。CM1菌株的胞外物质和胞内物质均能降解MC-RR,但胞内物质具有更强烈的降解特性,12 h可以将7.27μg/mL的MC-RR完全降解。为丰富MC-RR降解菌纯菌种研究以及在去除水体中MC-RR应用研究方面提供了理论基础。     

天然水体中微囊藻毒素归宿的初步研究

微囊藻毒素是有毒蓝藻释放的肝毒性代谢物,对环境和人们健康具有潜在危害,成为各国普遍关注的热点,并已列入我国地表水环境质量特定检测项目。在暴发严重蓝藻水华的滇池水环境治理工程中,对水华污染水体中微囊藻毒素的含量进行了全年监测,结果表明水样中微囊藻毒素含量的变化范围为0.17~0.82 μg/L,比水体中蓝藻生物量的藻毒素含量低了至少一个数量级。为研究水体中藻毒素的归宿,通过有关微囊藻毒素的吸附、光降解、微生物降解等一系列现场和实验室研究,结果表明光降解是滇池水体中微囊藻毒素浓度降低的主要途径,同时微生物降解、生物积累和颗粒物吸附也是水体中微囊藻毒素浓度降低的因素。探讨了蓝藻水华污染水体的藻毒素归宿途径,并提出了有待研究的问题。     

珠江三角洲城市周边典型中小型水库富营养化与蓝藻种群动态

为了解珠江三角洲地区城市周边中小型水库的水质状况,于2009年8月(丰水期)和2010年3月(枯水期)调查了4座典型中小型水库--横岗水库、水濂山水库、契爷石水库和东风水库,分析了水库的富营养化与蓝藻种类组成、种群动态及微囊藻毒素水平.丰水期总磷浓度为0.05～0.083 mgL-1,枯水期为0.026～0.082 m...     

Fenton试剂氧化降解微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了Fenton试剂氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,在H2O2浓度1.5mmol·l-1,Fe2 浓度0.10 mmol·l-1,反应温度为25±1℃,pH值为4.18及反应时间为30min的条件下,浓度为0.41mg·l-1的MC-LR去除率可以达到92.4%,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学.Fenton试剂氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR,特别是在紫外光的照射下,MC-LR的降解速率得到大幅度提高.紫外光能促进Fe3 还原为Fe2 ,所以光助Fenton试剂氧化反应中可以使用Fe3 代替Fe2 .     

时间分辨荧光免疫一步法检测微囊藻毒素的研究

利用稀土元素Eu³⁺ 标记微囊藻毒素偶联物MCLR-BSA,在固相包被二抗的微孔板上建立了微囊藻毒素的直接竞争时间分辨荧光免疫法.条件优化后Eu³⁺ 标记物的稀释度为1∶50,微囊藻毒素单抗的合适浓度为100 ng/mL.该法对微囊藻毒素检测的灵敏度为0.02 ng/mL,试剂的测量范围是0.05～10 ng/mL,回收率达到94％以上.     

微囊藻毒素神经毒理学研究进展

微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)是蓝藻产生的主要毒素,中毒人群或动物会表现出神经毒害症状,目前越来越多的研究关注其神经毒害及毒理.MCs 可能由有机阴离子转运肽(OATP)转运并穿过血脑屏障,在动物脑组织中分布与蓄积.MCs会严重影响神经发育,损害动物的神经系统功能.MCs可能通过影响脑组织中的解毒与抗氧...     

Quantification of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations during the 2009 and 2010 blooms in Lake Taihu using quantitative real-time PCR

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China, has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades. Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010. To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation, we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyD), respectively. On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis, the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly, from 4.08× 10⁴ to 5.22× 10⁷ copies/mL, from 5.7% to 65.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a, toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis; the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations, but negatively with TN:TP ratio and nitrate concentrations. Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.     

Removal of Microcystins by Phototrophic Biofilms. A Microcosm Study (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Microcystins (MCs) are a family of natural toxins produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). As a result of eutrophication, massive cyanobacterial blooms occur more frequently and MCs represent important contaminants of freshwater ecosystems. Bacterial biodegradation is considered a main mechanism for MC breakdown in environmental conditions. While existing studies were mostly focused on MC biodegradation by planktonic bacteria, our experiments examined the fate and kinetics of MC degradation in river-originated phototrophic biofilms and investigated factors influencing the rate of MC removal. Methods The fate of dissolved MCs was studied in laboratory microcosms with different composition (containing water only, water with phytoplankton and/or phototrophic biofilms). Biofilms originated from river ecosystem were pre-incubated under various conditions (with/without presence of cyanobacterial biomass or model organic substrates: glucose and protein - casein). Changes in MC concentration (0-14 days) in water columns were measured by HPLC DAD after external additions of purified MCs (160 μg L-1, MC-LR and MC YR), and halftimes (t1/2) of MC removal were estimated. Results and Discussion The slow degradation of MC was revealed in tap water (t1/2 ~ 14 days) and river water without cyanobacteria (t1/2 ~ 8 days). Enhanced removal occurred in the presence of natural planktonic cyanobacteria (t1/2 ~ 44 h), most probably due to microorganisms associated with the biomass of cyanobacterial bloom. More rapid MC elimination occurred in the variants containing phototrophic biofilms, and was particularly pronounced at those biofilms pre-cultivated in the presence of cyanobacterial blooms (t1/2 ~ 20 h). Much slower removal was observed in the variants simulating possible substrate-dependent induction of microorganism metabolism (biofilms pre-incubated with glucose: t1/2 ~ 35 h, and casein: t1/2 ~ 80 h). After termination of experiments, total amounts of MCs accumulated in the biofilms were below 5% of the initial toxin level revealing significant biodegradation processes. Conclusion The microcosm studies contributed to understanding of the environmental fate of MCs and revealed a rapid biodegradation by phototrophic biofilms. The rate of MC elimination depends on history of biofilm community, previous contact with cyanobacteria seems to be a selective factor improving the biodegradation potential. Recommendation and Outlook Our results experimentally showed a positive role of biofilms in MC elimination during water treatment processes such as bank filtration or slow sand filtration, and could eventually serve for further research of biofilm-based technological applications for MCs removal in small-scale drinking water treatment facilities.