ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE WITH API ALGORITHMS AND MICROWAVE EMISSION1

Large area soil moisture estimations are required to describe input to cloud prediction models, rainfall distribution models, and global crop yield models. Satellite mounted microwave sensor systems that as yet can only detect moisture at the surface have been suggested as a means of acquiring large area estimates. Relations previously discovered between microwave emission at the 1.55 cm wavelength and surface moisture as represented by an antecedent precipitation index were used to provide a pseudo infiltration estimation. Infiltration estimates based on surface wetness on a daily basis were then used to calculate the soil moisture in the surface 0–23 cm of the soil by use of a modified antecedent precipitation index. Reasonably good results were obtained (R²= 0.7162) when predicted soil moisture for the surface 23 cm was compared to measured moisture. Where the technique was modified to use only an estimate of surface moisture each three days an R² value of 0.7116 resulted for the same data set. Correlations between predicted and actual soil moisture fall off rapidly for repeat observations more than three days apart. The algorithms developed in this study may be used over relatively flat agricultural lands to provide improved estimates of soil moisture to a depth greater than the depth of penetration for the sensor.     

Microwave extraction of incurred salinomycin from chicken tissues

Abstract

A rapid, accurate, environmentally friendly and cost‐effective microwave extraction technique was developed for the extraction of spiked and incurred salmomycin from chicken tissues (kidney, liver, muscle, ovarian yolk and fat). Extraction of salinomycin from various tissues was achieved by irradiating the sample in absolute ethanol and 2‐propanol (15+2) for 9 sec. in a common household microwave oven. The extract was analysed without further cleanup by HPLC on a C₁₈ column (5 μm) and detected at 592 nm via post‐column reaction with 4‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMABA) in a heated reactor coil at 86° C. Recoveries of salinomycin from spiked tissues at 30 ng/g level ranged between 87 and 100%. The limit of quantitation was found to be 10 ng/g. The developed method was applied for the analysis of incurred tissues and ovarian yolk of laying chickens given sodium salinomycin in feed at different levels for 14 consecutive days followed by withdrawal periods. Residues were detected in all tissues and ovarian yolk at 0 withdrawal time but declined during the withdrawal period. Highest residue were found in fat and ovarian yolk.     

微波诱导热解法制备落叶吸附剂及其工艺优化

采用微波诱导热解法制备低成本落叶吸附剂,以实现落叶的资源化利用.以碘吸附值为响应值,采用响应面分析法研究了微波诱导热解法制备落叶吸附剂的工艺条件.结果表明,热解时间与微波功率之间存在交互作用,当热解功率增加时,可适当缩短热解时间.落叶吸附剂的最佳制备工艺条件为:热解时间4.04 min,微波功率488.72W,氯化锌质量分数27％.落叶吸附剂以微孔吸附为主,BJH孔径分布较窄,孔容最高峰对应的孔径在1.9 nm左右,Langmuir比表面积为769.61 m2/g.     

反应气氛对绿色合成纳米铁的组分及其活性的影响

成本低廉和无二次污染的"绿色"合成纳米材料是发展原位纳米环境修复技术的前沿研究课题之一.本文以绿茶提取液为还原剂和稳定剂进行"绿色"合成纳米铁,探讨在不同的气氛下"绿色"合成的纳米铁颗粒的主要成分,以期为调控合成纳米铁系材料提供基础研究.首先,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等表征手段对不同反应气氛下合成的纳米铁颗粒的表面微观形貌、尺寸和价态结构进行分析.结果发现,在通入N2情况下,合成的纳米铁颗粒粒径为(84.7±11.5)nm,其主要成分以纳米零价铁为主;在通入空气情况下,合成的纳米铁粒径为(117.8±26.2)nm,其主要成分是纳米零价铁、氧化铁和四氧化三铁的混合物;通入O2时,合成的纳米铁粒径为(141.2±26.3)nm,其主要成分以四氧化三铁为主.其次,评价在不同气氛条件下合成纳米铁颗粒对去除亚甲基蓝(MB)的反应活性.结果表明,在反应温度313 K下降解初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的MB溶液,反应5 min时已达到平衡,通入N2合成的纳米铁降解MB,去除率高达98.7%,而通入O2合成的纳米铁反应效率低,对MB的去除率仅为65.3%.最后,从以上发现提出不同气氛下可以调控"绿色"合成的铁系纳米材料成分,从而导致不同的纳米修复环境中污染物的能力.     

微波在废树脂中的穿透厚度研究

通过对不同功率微波在不同规格钢桶中对不同含水率的树脂中的穿透厚度的研究可知,微波在树脂中的穿透厚度主要与树脂自身含水率有关,与钢桶的规格尺寸也有一定的关系,而微波功率的影响则可基本忽略不计;对于含水率50％左右的树脂,微波在12L钢桶中的穿透厚度是130 mm;在200L钢桶中的穿透厚度是70mm.该研究成果对微波干燥工艺的具体参数的选取和扩大规模台架装置的设计研究等有重要意义.     

微波消解－ICP－MS法测定土壤中稀土元素的研究

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ ICP－MS）测定土壤中稀土元素的分析方法。采用HNO3＋HF酸体系用微波消解对土壤样品进行处理,以混合内标（ In、Bi）校正基体干扰和信号漂移,用ICP－MS对其中的16种稀土元素进行了测定。在优化的实验条件下,16种稀土元素标准曲线的相关系数r＞0．9999,检出限为0.012 ng／ml～0.069 ng／ml,加标回收率为84.0％～110％,相对标准偏差（n＝6）RSD均小于3.5％。该方法可用于四种不同类型土壤中稀土元素含量的测定。     

废活性炭微波再生新工艺的研究

提出用微波加热一二氧化碳活化法再生乙酸乙烯合成用触媒载体废活性炭工艺。采用条件实验法研究了活化时间、二氧化碳流量和微波功率对活性炭碘吸附值，亚甲基蓝吸附值和再生得率的影响，得到微波辐射加热二氧化碳活化再生乙酸乙烯用触媒载体废活性炭的最佳工艺条件为活化时间25min，二氧化碳流量0．2L／min，微波功率700w。在此条件下制得的活性炭碘吸附值为1158．02mg／g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为240mv,／g、得率为74．19％。并对活性炭进行了比表面积的测定和孔结构的分析，活性炭的比表面积为1308．13m^2／g，总孔容为0．76mL／g。     

城市发展质量的综合评价--以江苏省13个省辖市为例

在城市发展质量评价指标体系构建的基础上,依据一定的规则确定各评价指标的目标值,根据综合评价方法,对江苏省13个省辖市2000-2002年各城市发展质量进行综合分析.提出测算城市质量系统间协调发展程度的一般计量模型,根据此模型及城市发展质量综合评价的结论,分别研究了13个城市在近三年的城市化进程中,城市质量系统发展的协调性.     

实时合成水滑石分离模拟放射性核素锶的研究

采用实时合成水滑石的方法从高放废液中分离模拟放射性核素锶,通过单因素实验并借助XRD分析确定了最佳分离实验条件,同时,运用FTIR、SEM等技术手段对合成的含锶水滑石的结构、形貌进行了分析.结果表明,当Sr2+初始浓度为70mg.L-1、pH值为10.5、n(Mg+Sr)/n(Al)为3时,锶的去除率最高可达95%以上;XRD和SEM分析结果表明,锶嵌入了水滑石的晶格中,合成的含锶水滑石形貌为层状六边形;含锶水滑石煅烧产物主要为尖晶石,且煅烧产物中未见氧化锶,表明嵌入到水滑石晶格中的锶在煅烧后存在于尖晶石的晶体结构中.     

Ce-MCM-22分子筛的合成与吸附动力学研究

采用静态水热晶化法,以硅溶胶为硅源、六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)为模板剂,通过掺杂Ce合成了具有MWW层状结构的Ce-MCM-22分子筛。并利用粉末X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法对其进行了表征,对其进行了吸附动力学的研究。研究表明,Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟一级方程为y=-0.028 1x-0.136,R2=0.983 4。Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟二级方程为y=0.465 7x+1.2005,R2=0.999 5,说明拟二级反应模型更能真实地反映分子筛吸附亚甲蓝溶液的反应机理。