强化3级Fenton氧化结合石灰乳中和混凝处理苯系染料中间体废水

采用多级Fenton氧化结合石灰乳中和混凝对苯系染料中间体废水进行强化处理,考察了Fenton试剂投加级数和投加比例对废水处理效果的影响,以及多级Fenton氧化之间石灰乳中和混凝作用效果,并分析了废水中有机成分的变化趋势。结果表明：Fenton氧化过程中,COD去除率随着Fenton试剂投加级数的增加逐渐增大,3级时效果最佳。3级Fenton处理过程中,Fenton试剂的投加比例为1：2：3时,COD去除率最高。在Fenton试剂投加比例为1：2：3的3级Fenton氧化过程中,石灰乳可有效调节pH由2.5至4.0,同时其混凝作用也可进一步提高COD去除率,最终COD去除率可达97.20%。经GC-MS对各个过程中有机物的分析鉴定,可发现原废水中的苯系有机物逐渐变化为苯酚、对苯醌以及短链小分子脂肪酸等物质。     

豆奶粉废水生物处理技术

维维集团第二生产基地污水处理设施为全国第一套豆奶粉废水处理设施。该设施采用了“ＵＡＳＢ（ＡＦ）—活性污泥法”工艺。其中ＵＡＳＢ（ＡＦ）反应器是国内最大规模的生产性ＵＡＳＢ装置之一。     

白云石灰乳处理含铅废水的研究

经过多次试验证明了利用白云石灰乳处理含铅废水，既可以中和废水中的酸，又可以使铅离子形成沉淀并通氢氧化镁的吸附作用进一步去除废水中铅，达到国家规定的排放标准，本方法操作方便，投资省，成本低，处理效果好。     

我国东北地区主要城镇母乳的硒含量

硒是人体必需微量元素，缺硒与摄入过量硒均能引起有关疾病。本文使用新极谱法对我国东北地区不同城市环境的７个城镇２０５份母乳硒水平进行了测定，结果表明母乳硒含量从南向北呈下降趋势。东北地区城镇母乳硒含量平均值为１４．４±５．８μｇ／Ｌ与国外有关文献值比较为低硒水平。     

Congener-distribution patterns and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls,dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Korean human milk

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry in human milk samples from an urban and an industrial area in Korea. All PCB congeners were analyzed to characterize the congener distribution as well as to evaluate the toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) values and the total concentration. In homologue distributions of PCBs, two distinct patterns were found. The mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were 15.13 and 5.64 TEQ pg/g fat (based on WHO TEF, 1997), respectively. The contamination in Korean human milk is comparable to that found in other countries. From these results a daily intake of 60 TEQ pg/kg/day for an infant was estimated. The assumptions were that the infant breast feeds for 1 year, has an average body weight of 10 kg during this period, and ingests 800 g/day of human milk containing a mean concentration of 20.84 TEQ (PCDD/Fs) pg/g fat (based on primipara mothers).     

Congener-distribution patterns and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Korean human milk

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry in human milk samples from an urban and an industrial area in Korea. All PCB congeners were analyzed to characterize the congener distribution as well as to evaluate the toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) values and the total concentration. In homologue distributions of PCBs, two distinct patterns were found. The mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were 15.13 and 5.64 TEQ pg/g fat (based on WHO TEF, 1997), respectively. The contamination in Korean human milk is comparable to that found in other countries. From these results a daily intake of 60 TEQ pg/kg/day for an infant was estimated. The assumptions were that the infant breast feeds for 1 year, has an average body weight of 10 kg during this period, and ingests 800 g/day of human milk containing a mean concentration of 20.84 TEQ (PCDD/Fs) pg/g fat (based on primipara mothers).     

PCDD, PCDF, AND PCB concentrations in human milk from two areas in Finland

Concentrations of 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and of 36 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) were analyzed from 167 randomly sampled human milk samples from Southern (77 samples) and Eastern (90) Finland. The level of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk in Southern Finland was about 25% higher than those from Eastern Finland. The level of PCDD/Fs in human milk in Finland was the same as in Sweden, 30–50 % lower than in milk from Central Europe but about 45% higher than values from Norway or Russia. The PCB concentrations in Southern Finland were at the same level as in the Netherlands, and in Eastern Finland at the same level as in Norway. The levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs decreased with increasing number of children: the third child was exposed to about 70% of the amount of PCDD/Fs and PCBs as compared with the first child, and the eighth to tenth child to about 20%. The congener patterns of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Finnish human milk were similar to the countries of Central Europe, however, the levels of penta- and heptachlorinated furans were slightly higher than in milk from other countries.     

大熊猫乳汁水解氨基酸含量的测定分析

收集了一只16岁圈养大熊猫产后d 2,d 3,d 5~9,d 11,d 12和d 17的乳汁样品各1个共计10个,并测定了其17种水解氨基酸(AA)的含量.结果表明,所有样品中G lu的含量最高,其次是Leu、Pro、Asp、Ser等,G ly含量最低.产后d 2~d 6的乳汁样品中AA含量稍有波动,除G ly和Cys外,其余含量从d 7~d 17呈逐渐升高的趋势;除Thr和G ly外,d 12或d 17乳汁样品中其余AA(d 12乳样中Asp除外)的含量都高于d 2的含量.d 2~d 6乳汁中Thr、G ly、Phe和Asp与总AA的比值极显著和显著高于d 7~d 17的(P<0.01和P<0.05),而G lu、Pro和A la(都为非必需氨基酸)比值极显著和显著低于d 7~d 17的(P<0.01和P<0.05).乳汁中非必需氨基酸与必需氨基酸比值(NEAA/EAA)平均值为1.55±0.05.NEAA和EAA都有随泌乳天数延长而逐步升高的趋势.图1表4参11     

PCDD, PCDF, PCB and PBDE concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of Slovakia

The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in 33 breast milk samples collected in 2006-2007 from primipara mothers close to four industrial areas of Slovak Republic were determined. The total PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs expressed as TEQ based on WHO TEFs 1998 in breast milk samples varied from 5.0 to 51.8 pg g⁻¹ fat (median: 13.1 pg g⁻¹ fat; mean: 18.0 pg g⁻¹ fat). The measurements of seven PBDE congeners (IUPAC No. 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were performed for the first time in human milk from Slovakia. PBDE levels ranged between 0.22 and 1.62 ng g⁻¹ fat, with median and mean value of 0.43 ng g⁻¹ fat and 0.57 ng g⁻¹ fat respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between studied areas in total PBDE concentrations.Furthermore, this study presents first results concerning the daily intake (DI) of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like compounds for the most vulnerable breast-fed infant population in Slovakia. The total PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB DI for an infant during the first 2 months of life was estimated in a range from 14.4 to 230 pg TEQ kg⁻¹ b.w., with a median value of 58.9 pg TEQ kg⁻¹ b.w.. The DI values substantially exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) 1-4 pg TEQ kg⁻¹ b.w. recommended by WHO. The dietary infant intake concerning PBDEs was estimated to be between 0.69 and 7.1 ng kg⁻¹ b.w. d⁻¹, with median value of 1.7 ng kg⁻¹ b.w. d⁻¹.     

PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk and estimation of infants' daily intake: a review

This paper reviews the recent scientific literature on PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in human milk. All the papers reporting levels of these contaminants in human breast milk published from January 2000 to January 2009 and available on the www.sciencedirect.com web site were identified and included. The aim was (1) to study levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in human milk in mothers from different geographical areas and assess infant exposure to these contaminants; (2) to study the effect of variables such as the mother’s age, number of deliveries, dietary and smoking habits and her own nutrition in infancy, and the environment, on levels of the contaminants in breast milk; (3) to study time patterns, and (4) to identify data gaps.