环境空气中微生物监测结果的影响因素研究

空气中微生物附着在雾霾颗粒物上,随呼吸进入人体危害健康,是多种疾病的致病因素,故而快速准确的监测出区域空气微生物的数量,对于后续采取防控措施具有积极意义.在国家没有出台相关监测技术标准的情况下,通过设置不同采样时间、培养时间,获取了不同实验条件下的监测结果,分析不同组别数据结果的差异性,得出细菌采样时间3~5 min,培养48h比较合适,霉菌采样时间3 min,培养72h即可的实验结论.这样既保证了采集到绝大部分微生物,同时能够尽快的得到空气中微生物菌落数量,对相关监测方法的进一步研究具有参考价值.     

Physical and Chemical Connectivity of Streams and Riparian Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Synthesis

Streams, riparian areas, floodplains, alluvial aquifers, and downstream waters (e.g., large rivers, lakes, and oceans) are interconnected by longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of water, other materials, and energy. Collectively, these interconnected waters are called fluvial hydrosystems. Physical and chemical connectivity within fluvial hydrosystems is created by the transport of nonliving materials (e.g., water, sediment, nutrients, and contaminants) which either do or do not chemically change (chemical and physical connections, respectively). A substantial body of evidence unequivocally demonstrates physical and chemical connectivity between streams and riparian wetlands and downstream waters. Streams and riparian wetlands are structurally connected to downstream waters through the network of continuous channels and floodplain form that make these systems physically contiguous, and the very existence of these structures provides strong geomorphologic evidence for connectivity. Functional connections between streams and riparian wetlands and their downstream waters vary geographically and over time, based on proximity, relative size, environmental setting, material disparity, and intervening units. Because of the complexity and dynamic nature of connections among fluvial hydrosystem units, a complete accounting of the physical and chemical connections and their consequences to downstream waters should aggregate over multiple years to decades.     

A Power Law Model for River Flow Velocity in Iowa Basins

This study explores power law relationships to estimate water flow velocity as a function of discharge and drainage area across river networks. We test the model using empirical data from 214 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey gauging stations distributed over the state of Iowa in the U.S. The empirical data are the measurements of the mean cross‐sectional velocity and concurrent discharge. The data are used to estimate parameters for a state‐wide model and to test for spatial variability for 15 large river basins contained within the state. Spatial differences among the basins are small but some parameters significantly differ from the state‐wide model. Using individual station data, the authors also explore a simpler power law model that disregards dependence on the drainage area. Overall, the study shows that including drainage area improves the model. Our study provides parameter values that can be directly incorporated into a regional scale routing model, and provides a framework for developing flow velocity models for hydraulically similar rivers in the U.S. and the world.     

Hydro-abrasive erosion in hydro turbines: a review

The flow of sediment particles in rivers is a big challenge to develop hydropower plants across the sediment-laden rivers. Hard particles such as quartz and feldspar are available in high amount in the Asian mountain range. The abrasive action of these particles causes the hydro turbines to suffer from erosion in particular at high- and medium-head hydroelectric power plants. This has become a serious economic issue due to maintenance costs and production losses. The treatment without prevention is simply unsustainable. Facilities for sediment exclusion, typically sand traps as well as turbine design, and materials have been improved considerably. In the present paper, studies have been discussed extensively undertaken by several investigators in this field. Based on literature survey several aspects related to reducing the sediment load on turbines, useful ways to improve the turbine surface performance and various erosion models to characterize the effect of erosion on the performance of turbines have been discussed. To calibrate and validate the developed erosion models, more measurements from both physical model tests in laboratories and continuous monitoring of sediment parameters and their impact on the operational hydro turbines are required. As well as the state-of-art in the modeling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has made it possible to optimize the hydraulic design of hydro turbines in order to minimize the erosion level without much sacrifice in the efficiency. To mitigate the hydro-abrasive erosion effects on the performance of turbines, significant improvements have been achieved so far and development is ongoing.     

内蒙古自治区地震群测群防工作现状调查与对策研究

地震群测群防工作是我国防震减灾工作的一大特色,是群众参与防震减灾工作的重要途径。经过50年的发展,形成了以"三网一员"为主体的群测群防工作新格局。通过问卷调查和访谈等研究方法对内蒙古自治区地震群测群防"三网一员"工作现状进行调查,查找了存在的6类问题,分析了问题根源,并从厘清两类关系、提高重要性认识,坚持属地为主、分级管理体制,落实各负其责、密切配合的工作机制,坚持因地制宜、稳步推进的工作原则四个方面提出相应对策,力求构建一套适合本地区的"三网一员"管理模式,为我区建立群测群防体系运行长效机制提供建议,也为全国群测群防工作提供技术参考。     

试论突发性环境污染事故的应急监测

文章集中阐述了突发性污染事故的类型以及具有的基础特性,分析了环境污染事故的严重性与危害性。论述了突发性污染事故的应急监测体系的建立,应急监测工作的开展,应急监测的要求,为污染事故的应急监测起到了重要指导作用。     

关于环境监测中的质量保证的几点思考

环境监测质量保证工作不断得到加强才能使环境监测在环境管理中发挥更好的服务作用,本文阐述了提高现场监测质量保证的具体措施以及建立环境监测质量信息管理平台的意义、核心思想及重要因素。     

抚顺市大气重金属污染的植物监测与分析研究

采用生物富集原理,利用松针对抚顺地区大气中重金属元素的分布情况进行了监测与分析,结果表明:抚顺地区三种不同的松树对不同金属元素的富集能力是不同的,总体上看沙松的富集能力略高于油松和落叶松;工业区、交通干道和居民区松针中富集的金属含量高于农村地区;从不同的海拔高度上来看,在500米以下的低空大气中金属元素的分布量比高海拔地区高;不同金属元素间存在一定的相关关系。     

水中重金属在线监测技术发展概述

近年来重金属污染事件层出不穷,重金属污染的监测已经成为国家和人民关注的重点问题。介绍了水中重金属在线监测仪器的主要应用技术,并指出技术的适用范围和优劣点,同时对水质重金属在线监测仪的发展前景提出几点意见。     

饮食业油烟监测中存在的问题及解决对策

从实际的饮食业油烟监测出发,结合执行与实践《饮食业油烟排放标准》(GB18483-2001)过程中的各种体会,从采样位置、采样工况以及基准灶头数这三个方面,对饮食业油烟监测中存在的问题进行了探讨,并提出了相应的解决对策:油烟监测前,应确保采样位置的规范,必须对采样断面和位置进行优化选择;油烟监测中,应确保采样工况的正常,油烟净化设备务必处于正常工作状态,要派专人负责工况的监督,维持工况的稳定;在今后的标准修订中,建议对基准灶头数的折算方式予以明确,而不是目前按灶的总发热功率或排气罩灶面总投影面积两种方式并存。