北京地区第五阶段在用轻型车OBD监测频率的特征分析

随机采集北京地区200辆满足第5阶段排放标准在用车的车载诊断系统（OBD）的IUPR（OBD监测频率）数据,测试了4种典型车系的在用车在实际道路行驶工况下IUPR各监测项的特征分布,并和NEDC工况下的实验结果进行对比.结果表明：采集数据车辆的OBD系统均能实现对催化器和氧传感器的监控,对EGR和次级氧传感器的监控也可分别达到74%和91%;在用车平均点火循环3.9次才能满足一次目前IUPR的监测条件;各监测项IUPR均值均远大于国五标准限值0.10,但各IUPR监测值分布存在差异,催化转化器和氧传感器的达标率均为92%;实验室NEDC模拟工况基本能实现对各车系机动车尾气排放控制的监测,但4条实际道路测试结果则表明不同车系IUPR监测项分子+1的差异较大;拥堵路况的低速工况下OBD系统难以实现对车辆尾气排放控制系统各监测项的有效监测.因此,需结合北京实际路况进一步完善在用车辆OBD系统的监测条件,实现对北京在用车尾气排放控制系统的有效监控.     

加油站油流静电在线监测技术及应用

为提高加油站安全作业水平,分析了卸油、加油过程中油流静电起电因素和常用检测方法。根据高斯定理从理论上探讨了通过测量输油管道内中心电位得到油流静电电荷密度的检测原理,并基于杆球传感器以及压电传感器技术设计开发了油品静电在线监测仪,实现了对加油枪前后、加油机内部管线及过滤器油品带电情况的在线监测。测试结果表明:基于此静电监测技术,建立加油站油流电荷监测与联锁控制措施,可有效避免油品静电燃爆事故的发生,保障加油站安全生产。     

地下储库掘进爆破地表震动角度效应分析

为确定地下工程爆破掘进对地表建筑震动影响,采用TC-4850型爆破测振仪对地表周围建筑物进行实时监测。通过对振动速度监测数据与爆源距以及装药量之间的关系进行分析,研究地表振动特性及变化规律。研究结果表明:掌子面掘进前方地表振速监测数据进行拟合,相关性较好,而掘进后方则相关性较差;爆源距与掌子面在水平面投影夹角越小,监测数据相关性较强,而该夹角越大监测数据相关性较差;在掌子面后方,爆源距在水平面投影越是接近于垂直掌子面,地表振速越高,具有放大效应。     

Bibliometric analysis of ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa: implications for ecological stewardship and scientific collaboration

Regional ecosystem monitoring is a central form of knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst scientists and decision makers on environmental health, land use change, and science-policy development. Despite the proliferation of such research networks on long-term monitoring on many continents, little has been achieved in Africa. This study aims to assess and examine the spatiotemporal trend and categorical patterns in ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa for the benefits of conserving biodiversity and sustaining natural resource sectors for well-being and livelihood security, environmental planning, and ecological stewardship. A systematic review was conducted using bibliometric tools. Based on a set of search terms and peer-reviewed publications retrieved from various ecosystem monitoring networks and journal databases, further analysis was conducted using social network approaches, mapping tools, and content analysis. About 1442 scientific publications on ecosystem monitoring and related research were documented from 1987 to 2014 mostly published in English. The number of publication increased progressively since 1992 after the Convention on Biodiversity was signed and this trend peaked till 2008. South African Journal of Science was the most leading journal and Nature the most cited. Internationally coauthored and collaborative articles represented majority of the findings with the United Kingdom at the central position in the research network due to colonial relationships. Regional collaboration amongst countries is limited owing to language barriers and other institutional constraints such as funding and short-term projects. These findings have implication for prioritizing national and regional policies toward biodiversity science and its contribution to human well-being, food security, and global change responses.     

Exploration of spatial morphometry and socioeconomic variables in modelling urban land use change

The incorporation of land use (LU) data with socioeconomic data is a main issue in modelling. This is as a result of difference in data model and scale. This study proposed and tested the change–pattern approach, which allows the incorporation of these data sets in modelling LU change. Focusing on LU dynamics for a selected part of the Thames Gateway within the City of London, the approach tested two different methods of input selection for the modelling operations. Variables selected from these two methods serve as inputs into several neural networks tested in order to identify the direction of change for each of the LU types within the study area. The result shows that direction of LU change across the study area could be identified when spatial morphology of the area and socioeconomic variables are considered. Some classes of change could be identified fairly accurately using landscape metrics indicating level of fragmentation, extent of LU patches, shape complexity of LU patches in combination with some socioeconomic variables.     

基于大气特征污染物的监测布点选址优化研究

针对常规大气环境监测未能对局部特殊污染情况进行表征的缺陷,提出基于特征污染物的监测布点选址优化方法:首先运用综合评分方法筛选区域大气特征污染物,然后建立综合了环境、经济和社会因素的多目标规划模型,并通过模糊层次分析法计算各子目标权重系数,最后应用lingo软件对模型优化求解,得到最优的监测点位布设方案.以南京市仙林地区为案例研究的结果表明,基于大气特征污染物的监测布点多目标模型能够得到较合理的优化点位布局,在3种情景中,选择的最优点位分别为25#、43#, 25#、43#、54#和25#、43#、54#、77#, 为实际大气环境监测优化布点提供科学指导.     

一种PM_(2.5)辅助监测系统的设计与实现

为解决目前国内外PM2.5监测仪器价格昂贵,运行成本高,单点负责区域大,监测点少的问题,提出以国家监测网络为基础,以低成本、高精度为特点的PM2.5辅助监测方法。系统采用DSM501A作为PM2.5浓度采集传感器,完成粒子数量浓度到质量浓度的转换,通过在一定区域内布置监测终端,并借助于GPRS网络和参数曲面构建方法,建立了一定区域内PM2.5质量浓度网络图,填补了国家监测点间的监测盲区,并利用高斯消元法建立了从历史数据到未来浓度的预测算法。实验结果表明:实测数据与国家监测点数据基本一致,具有广阔的应用前景。     

截断阀室水淹后管道沉降的防护技术研究

为了保证长输天然气管道的安全运行,需要对其截断阀室遭受水淹后管道的不均匀沉降行为进行研究。应用ANSYS软件建立了管土非线性接触模型,通过对其进行分析建立了沉降量与最大Von Mises应力和椭圆度之间的映射关系,结果表明:不均匀沉降对管道强度的影响更明显,二者间基本呈线性关系,最大Von Mises应力随着沉降量的增大而增大,根据第四强度理论便可确定管道失效时的极限沉降量。同时还探讨了管径、内压、壁厚、埋深对管道应力状态的影响,降低内压、增大壁厚以及减小埋深和管径均可降低不均匀沉降时管道的最大Von Mises应力,但其中管径和壁厚的变化对管道最大Von Mises应力的影响更为显著。预期研究结果可以为山区管道的实时监测与防护措施制定提供一定的技术支持。     

光纤光栅(FBG)传感器在尾矿库在线监测中的应用

光纤光栅(FGB)传感器已经广泛应用于水利工程监测中,在尾矿库在线监测系统中的应用也在逐步增多。为提高某尾矿库在线监测系统的抗干扰和运行稳定性,某尾矿库在线监测系统工程采用以光纤光栅传感器作为主要采集设备。应用结果表明:光纤光栅传感设备的突出优点是运行稳定性好、抗干扰能力强,测量精度满足使用要求;明显不足是安装条件要求高,前期投入较高。     

软岩大变形巷道支护技术及应用

针对三门峡铝土矿软岩巷道大变形难支护的问题,综合现场工程地质调查、软岩水理作用测试、现场测试等手段和方法,对该地区巷道破坏模式和失稳机理进行详细分析,提出了锚喷-砌碹相结合的互补支护技术。按照互补支护参数建立数值模型并进行稳定性分析,数值计算结果表明在此支护方式下巷道各部位围岩收敛变形控制良好,且支护后围岩安全系数较之前明显提高。将新支护方案进行工程试验,巷道变形监测数据表明,支护后的巷道变形得到了良好的控制,混凝土喷层未出现裂缝,围岩变形速度迅速减小;锚喷10天后围岩变形基本稳定,此时进行二次砌碹支护效果最好,可以保证巷道的长期稳定。